语言学内容课件Chapter Three PhonologyWord文件下载.docx

语言学内容课件Chapter Three PhonologyWord文件下载.docx

《语言学内容课件Chapter Three PhonologyWord文件下载.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《语言学内容课件Chapter Three PhonologyWord文件下载.docx（6页珍藏版）》请在冰豆网上搜索。

1.1Definitionofphonology

1.1.1Phonology（atp24）

1.1.2Phonetics

1.2thedifferencebetweenphoneticsandphonology

2Termsinphonology

2.1Minimalpairs（最小对立体）

2.1.1concept

2.1.2argumentsandexamples

2.1.3Threerequirementsforaminimalpair:

2.2phonemes

2.2.1phones

2.2.2phoneme

2.2.3Phonetictranscription

2.3allophones

2.3.1Allophones（P41,Para.1）

2.3.2Complementarydistribution（P41,para.1）andfreevariation

2.4Differencebetweenphonemesandallophones

3Phonologicalprocess

3.1assimilation（P42,para.2）

3.1.1regressive（P43,Para.1）

3.1.2progressive

3.1.3Examples（P43,para.2）

3.2Phonologicalrules（P44）

3.2.1devoicing,

3.2.2nasalization,

3.2.3dentalization,

3.2.4velarization

3.2.5thedeletionrule

4Suprasegmentalphonemes

4.1concept

4.2kindsofsuprasegmentalphonemes

4.2.1stress

4.2.2Tones

4.2.3Intonation

4.2.4Linking

5Someprincipleofphonology

5.1Thesequentialrules

5.2thedeletionrule

1.1.1Phonologyisthestudyofthesoundpatternsandsoundsystemsoflanguages.Itaimstodiscovertheprinciplesthatgovernthewaysoundsareorganizedinlanguages,andtoexplainthevariationsthatoccur.（atp24）

1.1.2Phoneticsstudieshowspeechsoundsaremade,transmittedandreceived.

1）Phoneticsandphonologyarethetwodisciplinesdealingwithspeechsounds.Botharerelatedtothestudyofsounds.

Theydifferintheirapproachandfocus.

2）Phonologyisconcernedwiththeabstractandmentalaspectofthesoundsinlanguagewhilephoneticsdealswiththeactualphysicalarticulationofspeechsounds.

3）definition

4）P16,Para2

Whentwowordsareidenticalinformineverywayexceptforacontrastinonephoneme,occurringinthesameposition,thetwowordsaredescribedasaminimalpair.P39

1）Whentwodifferentphoneticformsareidenticalineverywayexceptforonesoundsegmentwhichoccursinthesameplaceinthestring,thetwoforms（i.e.,word）aresupposedtoforma“minimalpair”,e.g.,“pill”and“bill”,“pill”and“till”,“till”and“dill”,“till”and“kill”,etc.

2）Allthesewordstogetherconstituteaminimalset.Theyareidenticalinformexceptfortheinitialconsonants.

3）Minimalpairsareestablishedonthebasisofsoundandnotspelling.

1）thesamenumberofsegment

2）onephoneticdifferenceinthesameplace

3）differentmeaning

e.g.a 

minimalpair:

lit-lip;

phone-tone;

pill-bill

aminimalset:

beat,bit,bet,boot,but,bite

Theminimalpairtesthelpsestablishwhichsoundscontrastinalanguage.

2.2.1phones:

thespeechsoundswehearandproduceduringlinguisticcommunicationareallphones.It’saphoneticunitorsegment.（inthemouth）

Conventionally,phonesareplacedwithinsquarebrackets“[]”（phonetictranscription）

Phonesdonotnecessarilydistinguishmeaning.Usuallyphonesofdifferentphonemesdistinguishmeaning.

2.2.2phoneme:

（P16,Para.1）Thephonemeisthesmallestmeaning-distinguishingunit.

2.2.3Phonetictranscription:

Phonemesareplacedinslashes“/ 

/” 

（phonemictranscription）

e.g.Neitherthesound[p]inpitorthesound[b]inbitisaphoneme.Theyarephones;

theyarethephoneticrealizationofthephoneme/p/and/b/.

2.3.1Allophones（P41,Para.1）arethevariantsofthesamephoneme.

2.3.2Complementarydistribution（P41,para.1）andfreevariation（P42,para.1）

Phoneticallysimilarsoundsmightberelatedintwoways.Iftheyaretwodistinctivephoneme,theymightformacontrast;

e.g./p/and/b/in[pit]and[bit];

Iftheyareallophonesofthesamephoneme,thentheydon’tdistinguishmeaning,butcomplementeachotherindistribution,i.e.theyoccurindifferentphoneticcontext.

Strictlyspeaking,everysoundisdifferentfromeveryothersounds.Butinphonologysomeofthedifferencemaybeignored.

Abasicwaytodeterminethephonemesofalanguageistoseeifsubstitutingonesoundforanotherresultinachangeofmeaning.

Complementarydistribution

Notallspeechsoundsoccurinthesameenvironment,whenthetwosoundsneveroccurinthesameenvironmenttheyaresaidtobeincomplementarydistribution.

Notallphonesincomplementarydistributionareconsideredtobeallophonesofthesamephoneme.Theymustbephoneticallysimilarandincomplementarydistribution.

Freevariation

Aphonemaysometimeshasfreevariants.

Iftwosoundsoccurringinthesameenvironmentdonotcontrast,thatis,thesubstitutionofonefortheotherdoesnotproduceadifferentwordform,butmerelyadifferentpronunciationofthesameword,thenthetwosoundsareinfreevariation.

1）concept

2）transcription

3）abstractvs,concrete

4）possibilityofproduction

5）characteristics

3.2.1devoicing,3.2.2nasalization,3.2.3dentalization,3.2.4velarization

The“deletionrule”tellsuswhenasoundistobedeletedalthoughitisorthographicallyrepresented.Whiletheletterismutein“sign”,“design”and“paradigm”,itispronouncedintheircorrespondingderivatives:

“signature”,“designation”,and“paradigmatic”.Therulethencanbestatedas:

deletea[g]whenitoccursbeforeafinalnasalconsonant.ThisaccountsforsomeoftheseemingirregularitiesoftheEnglishspelling.

Sign,design,thereisno{g}sound

Signature,designationthe{g}ispronounced.

Deletea[g]whenitoccursbeforeafinalnasalconstant.

4Suprasegmentalphonemess

4.1concept

Thephonemicphonemesthatoccurabovethelevelofthephonemicsegmentsarecalledsuprasegmentalphonemes.

“Suprasegmentalphonology”referstothestudyofphonologicalpropertiesoflinguisticunitslargerthanthesegmentcalledphoneme.

Suprasegmentalfeatures:

includesstress,length,andpitchaswhattheysupposetobeprincipalsuprasegmentalfeatures.

Stress,includingbothwordandsentencestress,distinguishesmeaninginEnglish

形容词词义动词词义

´

abstract抽象的ab´

stract摘要；

提炼

frequent时常发生的fre´

quent常去（地点）

´

perfect完美的；

完全的per´

fect使完美

present出席的；

现在的pre´

sent给；

赠；

呈递

复合词词义名词短语词义

´

heavyweight重量级拳击手heavy´

weight特别重的人或物

redcap宪兵red´

cap红色的帽子

smallfry不重要的人或者物small´

fry小鱼苗

tall9boy（卧室用的）高衣柜tall´

boy高个子的男孩

4.2.2Tones

Insomelanguages,thepitchesofwordscanmakeadifferenceintheirmeaning.Suchlanguagesarecalledtonelanguages,ofwhichChineseisone.

Intonationplaysanimportantroleinalmostalllanguages:

rising,falling,rise-fall,fall-riseintonation.

5Someprincipleofphonology

Thereareprinciplesthatgovernthecombinationofsoundsinaparticularlanguage.Theseprinciplesarecalledsequentialrules.

Ifthreeconsonantsshouldclustertogetheratthebeginningofaword,thecombinationshouldobeythefollowingthreerules:

1）Thefirstphonememustbe/s/;

2）Thesecondphonememustbe/p/or/t/or/k/;

3）Thethirdphonememustbe/l/or/r/or/w/or/j/.

***Sequentialrulesarelanguagespecific.

Thedeletionruletellsuswhenasoundisdeletedalthoughitisorthographicallyrepresented.Forexample:

design,knife.