英语词法总结Word格式.docx
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但:
roof→roofs,
chief→chiefs,
handkerchief→handkerchiefs
(6)少数名词有不规则的复数形式,例如:
man→men,
woman→women,
tooth→teeth,
foot→feet,
child→children,
mouse→mice。
★man和woman构成的合成词,其复数形式也是-men和-women。
anEnglishman,twoEnglishmen。
★German不是合成词,复数Germans
★man,woman作定语,单复数以其所修饰的名词的单复数而定,如:
menworkers,womenteachers。
其他名词做定语,不用复数,如threegirlstudents
★单复数一样:
Chinese,Japanese,sheep,deer,fish。
★fish表示不同种类的鱼时,可以加复数。
(7)哪国人的单复数口诀:
中日不变英法变,其余s加后面。
一样:
Chinese–Chinese,Japanese–Japanese
变:
Frenchman–Frenchmen,Englishman–Englishmen
+s:
German–Germans,American–Americans
(8)形单实复:
people,police
(9)数词+名词作定语时,这个名词一般保留单数形式,中间加连字符。
ten-minutewalk,an8-year-oldgirl,aseven-dayholiday。
(10)合成名词的复数只需把中心词变为复数:
thegirlstudents。
man,woman组成的合成词,就要两个都变复数:
thewomenworkers
(11)有些名词仅有复数:
trousers,clothes,chopsticks,glasses,goods,
ashes,scissors,compasses。
(12)形复实单:
physics,mathematics/maths,theUnitedStates,NiagaraFalls,news,falls
(13)修饰复数的词:
many,several,afew,anumberof,both以及不包括“一”的基数词,如two,three,后跟可数名词复数。
(14)人名、地名的复数直接+s,字母、符号、数字的复数+’s
☺TherearethreeJohnsinthisclass.
这个班里有三个叫约翰的人。
(此时threeJohns=threepersonscalledJohn)
☺TheteacherhadonlyfourA'
sinhisclass.
(15)成双成套的词:
trousers–裤子
shorts–短裤
glasses–眼镜
gloves–手套
compasses–圆规
pants–裤子
★单独做主语,谓语动词用复数。
★和pair连用,谓语动词取决于pair的形式。
☺Theglassesareonyournose.
☺Thispairofglassesismine.
☺Thistwopairsofshoesaremine.
(16)形似复数实为新单词的名词:
work(工作)–works(著作)
paper(纸,报纸)–papers(资料,文件)
wood(木头,木材)–woods(树林,森林)
sand(沙)–sands(沙滩)
(17)一些词汇的名词形式:
teach(v,教)–teacher(n,教师)
sing(v,唱歌)–singer(n,歌手)
wait(v,等待)–waiter(n,服务员)
win(v,获胜)–winner(n,获胜者)
run(v,跑)–runner(n,跑步者)
visit(v,参观)–visitant(n,参观者)
sunny(adj,阳光充足的,暖和的)
–sun(n,太阳),sunshine(n,阳光)
windy(adj,刮风的,风大的)–wind(n,风)
cloudy(adj,多云的,阴天的)–cloud(n,云)
2.不可数名词“量”的表示方法
十大不可数名词:
work工作
progress进步
news消息
health健康
information信息
advice建议
weather天气
music音乐
fun乐趣
luck运气
(1)用much,alittle,little,alotof,lotsof,some,any,abitof,plentyof等表示,例如:
Therichmanhasalotofmoney.
Thereissomemilkinthebottle.
Isthereanywaterintheglass?
Idon'
tlikewinterbecausethere'
stoomuchsnowandice.
(2)用“数词+名词(量)+of+不可数名词”这类定语,例如:
apieceofpaper/wood/bread/news/meat
abottle/glassoforange/water/milk/juice
acupoftea/coffee
abagofrice
twocupsoftea
fourpiecesofpaper
threeglassesofwate
★谓语动词看“中心词”决定单复数,中心词:
bottle,cup,bag,piece…
名词的所有格
1.单数+’s,复数+s’,复数不是s结尾,也+’s
astudent'
sroom
students'
rooms
Children'
sDay
2.以s结尾的单数名词或人名后应加-’s构成所有格
awaitress’sjob
Charles’saddress
3.在表示时间、距离、长度、重量、价格、世界、国家等名词时,所有格要用'
s,例如:
atwentyminutes'
walk=aten-minutewalk
tenmiles'
journey
aboat'
slength
twopounds'
weight
tendollars'
worth
today’snewspaper
4.如果某物为两人共有,只在后一个词尾+’s,如果不是两人共有,两个名词后都要+’s
LucyandLily’sbedroom–Lucy和Lily的卧室,
Jane’sandTom’sbooks–Jane的书和Tom的书(能分开)
5.无生命名词的所有格则通常用of结构
amapofChina
theendofthisterm
thecapitalofourcountry
thecoloroftheflowers
twoboxesofapples–中心词和of后面的词都用复数。
★谓语单复数看“中心词”,不看of后面的词。
6.双重所有格:
afriendofmyfather'
s
7.表示“某人的家”、“店铺”等生活、工作场所的所有格后面的名词通常省略。
如:
atMrWang’s(在王先生家)
atthedoctor’s(在医生诊所)
二、冠词
a,an的区别是以辅音或元音音素,不是字母。
用不定冠词an的字母有:
A.E.F.H.I.L.M.N.O.R.S.X。
元音字母开头用a:
ausefulbookauniversity
辅音字母开头用an:
anhour,anhonest
冠词+(形容词+名词),冠词由前面的形容词确定。
1.不定冠词
(1)表示“每一”的意思,=every
☺Takethemedicinethreetimesaday.(everyday)
☺Theygotoseetheirparentsonceaweek.
(2)用在序数词前表示“又一,再一”
I’vetriedthreetimes.Letmetryafourthtime.
TheyhadadaughtercalledJane.Thentheyhadasecondchild-
ason.
(3)固定短语
afew/little
acup/bottleof
catchacold/bus
haveagoodtime
havealook
inaminute
makeamistake
alotof
havearest
halfanhour
akindof
anumberof
makeacontribution
haveatalkwith
2.定冠词
(1)特指某(些)人或某(些)事物
☺ThebookonthedeskisanEnglishdictionary.
☺BeijingisthecapitalofChina.
(2)指说话人和听话人都知道或熟悉的人或事物
☺Openthedoor,please.
☺Whereistheteacher?
☺Jackisinthelibrary.
(3)上文提到过的人或事物
☺YesterdayJohn’sfatherboughthimanewbike.Thebikecosthim200yuan.
(4)表示世界上独一无二的事物
☺Thesunrisesintheeastandsetsinthewest.
(5)用在序数词和形容词最高级之前
☺ShanghaiisthebiggestcityinChina.
☺Januaryisthefirstmonthoftheyear.
(6)用在某些形容词之前,表示某一类人或事物
☺Thenurseiskindtothesick.
☺Weshouldtakegoodcareoftheold.
(7)用在某些由普通名词构成的专有名词之前
theGreatWall
theSummerPalace
thePeople’sRepublicofChina
inthemorning
intheopenair
(8)用在姓氏复数之前,表示“某某一家人”,“某某夫妇”
theBrowns
theWhites
(9)用在器乐名称和方位词前
☺Heisplayingthepiano.
ontheright/left,
intheeast/south,
inthefrontof(和infrontof的区别)
[注意]
(1)moon,sun,morning/afternoon/evening之前有形容词时,可用a/an
afullmoon,
onacoldmorning
(2)被ofthetwo修饰的比较级前要用定冠词
☺Tomisthetallerofthetwo.
(3)在表示“越….,越….”句型中,比较级前要用定冠词
Thebusierthefarmersare,thehappiertheywillbe。
(4)the+spring/summer…+of具体的某个阶段里的季节
☺ThescientistcamebacktoChinainthespringof1984.
(5)a/an+adj+supper/lunch…表示某一顿饭
☺YesterdayBillhadaverynicesupper.
3.不用冠词
(1)专有名词,抽象名词和物质名词前一般不用冠词
China,Canada,London,Japanese,Tom,glass,water,wood,love
(2)名词前已有作定语用的this,that,my,your,whose,some,any,no,each,every等代词时,不用冠词
☺Thatismycap.
(3)复数名词表示一类人或事物时,不用冠词
☺Theyareworkers.
☺Wearestudents.
(4)称呼语前不用冠词,表示头衔和职务的名词前也不加冠词
☺Idon’tfeelwelltoday,Mother.
☺OurEnglishteacherisMissGao.
(5)三餐名称前,球类活动,学科和节目名词前,常不用冠词
☺Ihavelunchathome.
☺Heoftenplaysfootballafterclass.
☺WehaveEnglishandmathseveryday.
(6)在季节、月份、星期、节日前不加冠词
☺Everythingbeginstocomeoutinspring.
但如果这些词前面有修饰词,要加定冠词the
☺HejoinedtheArmyinthespringof1982.
(7)某些固定词组,名词之前常不用冠词
①与by连用的交通工具名称前:
bybus,bybike,byplane/air,byship/sea,bytrain,bycar
②名词词组:
dayandnight,brotherandsister,hourafterhour,hereandthere
③介词词组
athome,inbed/hospital,intime,ontime,atonce,infrontof,
onfoot,atnoon,onduty,atnight等
④常用词组
gotobed,gotoschool/class/work,gohome,
goshopping/swimming/fishing/boating等。
4.冠词的位置
(1)通常情况:
冠词位于名词前,若名词前有形容词修饰,冠词要放在形容词之前。
thebook,thebeautifulflower
(2)特殊情况:
①不定冠词在half,such,what,many之后
suchanicegirl(=soniceagirl)
☺Manyastudenthaspassedtheexam.
(=Manystudentshavepassedtheexam.)
☺Whatabeautifulflower!
(=Howbeautiful!
)
②不定冠词在as,so,how,too修饰的形容词之后
☺Howcoldadayitis!
(=Whatacolddayitis!
③副词quite和rather可置于不定冠词之前
☺It’squiteanicehorse.(=It’saverynicehorse)
☺It’sratherahotdaytoday.(=It’saveryhotdaytoday)
④当名词由both或all,whole修饰时,定冠词须放在both或all之后,whole之前
allthestudents,
boththechildren,
thewholestory
5.有无冠词的词语辨析
☺Lindawasillinhospital.
☺Thewomanworksinthehospital.
☺Don’treadinbed.
☺Youcanputitonthebed.
☺Don’ttalkinclass.
☺Theyoftenhavepartiesintheclass.
☺TheGreensareattablenow.
☺Sheiswritingaletteratthetable.
☺She’stooyoungtogotoschool.
☺Theyaregoingtotheschooltohaveameeting.
☺Bothofmychildrenareatschool.
☺IteachEnglishattheschool.
☺It’slate.I’llgotobed.
☺Gotothebed,andyou’llfindabox.
☺Shewassoillthatshehadtogotohospital.
☺Mymotherhasgonetothehospitaltoseemygrandmother.
☺We’llstudysixsubjectsnextterm.
☺Theyarrivedatthesmallvillagethenextmorning.
☺Putthisbookontopoftheothers.
☺Therearesomehousesatthetopofthehill.
☺Wheredidyougoonearth?
☺Wearelivingontheearth.
三、代词
1.人称代词
在than之后与其他人或事物进行比较时,用主格和宾格都可以。
☺Heisolderthanme.
☺HeisolderthanIam.
★人称代词的排列顺序:
一般情况或受表扬:
you,heandI----自己放最后
承认错误,受批评:
I,heandyou----自己放前面
☺You,heandIareworkers.
2.指示代词
包括:
this,that,these,those。
(1)this和these一般用来指在时间或空间上较近的事物或人,that和those则指时间和空间上较远的事物或人。
☺Thisisapenandthatisapencil.
☺Wearebusythesedays.
☺Inthosedaystheworkershadahardtime.
(2)有时that和those指前面讲到过的事物,this和these则是指下面将要讲到的事物。
☺Ihadacold.That'
swhyIdidn'
tcome.
☺WhatIwanttosayisthis:
pronunciationisveryimportantinlearningEnglish.
(3)有时为了避免重复提到的名词,常可用that或those代替。
☺TheweatherinBeijingiscolderthanthatinGuangzhou.
☺Televisionsets(电视机)madeinBeijingarejustasgoodasthosemadeinShanghai.
(4)★在电话用语中this代表自己,that则代表对方。
但都可以用it代替。
☺Hello!
ThisisMary.IsthatJackspeaking?
(5)★it指代不明人和物:
–敲门、照片、电话等
☺Whotaughtyoumathslastterm?
☺WasitMr.Smith?
(6)★one,that,it,ones,those,them用法区别:
one(ones)表示泛指,
that(those)和it(them)表示特指,
that(those)与所代表名词同类,但不是同一个;
it(them)与所代表名词为同一个。
☺Ican’tfindmyhat,IthinkImustbuyone.(不定)
☺ThehatyouboughtisbiggerthanthatIbought.(同类但不同个)
☺Ican'
tfindmyhat.Idon'
tknowwhereIputit.(同一物)
☺Ican’tfindmypens,IthinkImustbuyones.(不定)
☺ThepensyouboughtisbiggerthanthoseIbought.(同类但不同个)
tfindmypens.Idon'
tknowwhereIputthem.(同一物)
3.反身代词
(1)表示亲自,本人的意思。
☺Shetoldmethenewsherself.
☺Isawthe