环境科学复习要点-师兄版.doc
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CHAPTERONE:
EnvironmentalInterrelationships
Environment:
thesurroundingconditionsthataffectpeopleandotherorganism.Inabroaderdefinition,environmentiseverythingthataffectsanorganismduringitslifetime.
环境:
与某一中心事物有关的周围事物,就是这个中心事物的环境。
EnvironmentalScience:
isaninterdisciplinaryareaofstudythatincludesbothappliedandtheoreticalaspectsofhumanimpactontheworld.
Thefieldofenvironmentalscienceinvolvesanunderstandingofscientificprinciples,economicinfluences,andpoliticalaction.Environmentdecisionsofentinvolvecompromise.(fig.1.1)
InternationalOrganization
Inordertosolvethecommonenvironmentalissues,severalinternationalorganizationswerefounded,andseveralinternationalconventionswereestablished.
Theinternationaljointcommission(1909)
boundarywaterstreaty
Theunitednationsconferenceonenvironmentanddevelopment(1992,UNCED)
sustainabledevelopmentandbiodiversityAgenda21
TheKyotoconferenceonclimatechange(1997)
theKyotoprotocol
TheUnitedNationsEducational,Scientific,andCulturalOrganization(UNESCO)
supportedmanyenvironmentalprograms.
Anecosystem:
isaregioninwhichtheorganismsandthephysicalenvironmentforminteractingunit.
Forsolvingregionalenvironmentalissues,it’sveryusefultoadoptecosystemapproach.
Noregionisfreeofenvironmentalconcerns.
RegionalvignettesinAmerica
TheWidenessNorth
characteristic:
wilderness--areaswithminimalhumaninfluence.
Muchofthislandisownedbygovernments,notbyindividuals,sogovernmentpolicieshavealargeeffectonwhathappensintheseregions.
TheAgriculturalMiddle
characteristic:
intensiveagriculture.
Original,naturalecosystemshavebeenreplacedbymanagedagriculturalenterprise.
nonpointpollutionsources(pollutionthatdoesnothaveaneasilyidentifiedpointoforigin).
TheDryWest
characteristic:
inadequaterainfall,landisofloweconomicvalue,mostofitisstillthepropertyofgovernment.
Populationdensityislow,muchofthelandhasawildernesscharacter.
TheForestedWest
characteristic:
sufficientrainfall,coniferousforestsarethedominantvegetation.
Sincemostoftheseareasarenotsuitableforfarmland,theyhavebeenmaintainedasforestswithsomegrazingactivityinthemoreopenforests.timbercutting.
Environmentalinterestsareconcernedabouttheconsequencesloggingwouldhaveonorganismsthatrequiremature,old-growthforestsfortheirsurvival.
TheGreatLakesandIndustrialNortheast
characteristic:
dominatedbylargemetropolitancomplexesthatgeneratesocialandresourceneedsthataredifficulttosatisfy.
Amajorconcernaboutthesepollutantsisthattheybioaccumulateinthefoodchain.
Theirmajorenvironmentalprioritiesarecleaningupcontaminatedsites,providingmoreparksandrecreationfacilities,reducingairandwaterpollution,andimprovingtransportation.
TheDiverseSouth
characteristic:
diverse.
TheSouthisamicrocosmofalltheregionspreviouslydiscussed.ThepetrochemicalindustrydominatestheeconomiesofTexasandLouisiana,andforestryandagriculturearesignificantelementsoftheeconomyinotherpartsoftheregion.Majormetropolitanareasthrive,andmuchoftheareaislinkedtothecoasteitherdirectlyorbytheMississippiRiveranditstributaries.TheenvironmentalissuesfacedintheSouthareasdiverseasthoseinalltheotherregions.
PovertyhasbeenaprobleminmanyareasoftheSouth.Thiscreatesaclimatethatencouragesstateandlocalgovernmentstoacceptindustrialdevelopmentattheexpenseofothervalues.Often,jobsaremoreimportantthantheenvironmentalconsequencesofthejobs;low-payingjobsarebetterthannojobs.
Environmentalproblemsarepeopleproblems.
Summary
Artificialpoliticalboundariescreatedifficultiesinmanagingenvironmentalproblemsbecausemostenvironmentalunits,ecosystems,donotcoincidewithpoliticalboundaries.Therefore,aregionalapproachtosolvingenvironmentalproblems,onethatincorporatesnaturalgeographicunits,isideal.Eachregionoftheworldhascertainenvironmentalissuesthatareofprimaryconcernbecauseofthemixofpopulation,resourceusepatterns,andculture.
Environmentalproblemsbecomeissueswhensomeonefindsasituationoffensive.Thisinevitablyleadstoaconfrontationbetweengroupsthathavedifferentviewsonwhatconstitutesanenvironmentalproblem.Manysocial,economic,ethical,andscientificinputsshapeaperson'sopinions.Theprocessofenvironmentaldecisionmakingmusttakealloftheseinputsintoaccountandarriveatanacceptablecompromise.Environmentalproblemsarepeopleproblems.Theyoccurbecausetheusesofnaturalresources,whichsomepeoplefeelarejustified,resultinadiminishedenvironmentforothersin