英国文学史考试的要点文档格式.docx
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第一部分描叙丹麦霍格国王（KingHrothgurs）宏伟的宫殿，在前后十二年中，半人半魔的妖怪格兰戴（Grendel）每晚出没捉食霍格的战士。
此时恰巧瑞典南部济兹（Geats）王子贝奥武夫率家臣来访，协助除害。
国王当晚设宴款待，熟料妖怪格兰戴又复出现，捉食一名济兹战士，贝奥武夫与之格斗，贝氏扭断其臂，妖怪落荒而逃，因受重伤致死。
第二天晚上，格兰戴的母亲前来为其子复仇，其后贝氏把她在一湖泊的洞穴中杀死。
第二部分描叙贝奥武夫返国，被拥为王，前后五十年，举国大治。
最后贝奥武夫以垂老之年，杀一喷火巨龙，但其个人亦因而身受重创，终於身死。
诗末叙其葬礼，并有挽歌。
2、ThemostprevailingkindofliteratureinfeudalEnglandwastheromance------chivalry.
Thethemeofloyaltytokingandlordwasrepeatedlyemphasizedinromances.
英国封建主义时期最主要的文学是传奇故事（骑士文学）.是最充分地表现了封建贵族阶级精神特征的文学，也是世俗的贵族阶级文学的主要成就.
3、TheBallads:
Aballedisastorytoldinsong.usuallyin4-linestanzas,withthesecondandfourthlinesrhymed.Theyaremainlytheliteratureofthepeasants,andinthemoneisabletounderstandtheoutlookoftheEnglishcommonpeopleinfeudalsociety.民谣,叙事诗（押韵）.
4、GeoffreyChaucer,thefounderofEnglishpoetry.
TroilusandCriseyde特罗伊拉斯和克莱希德.
TheCanterburyTales坎特伯雷故事集,以一伙来自社会各个阶层的香客在宗教朝圣的路上讲述故事为线索，向我们清楚地展示了那个时代人们的生活。
在所有的23个故事中，除了两篇之外，其余都是诗歌体裁的作品。
ThePrologue序言:
AllclassesoftheEnglishfeudalsociety.excepttheroyaltyandthepoorestpeasant.
Chaucer’scontributiontoEnglishpoetrychieflyinthefactthatheintroducedfromFrancetherhymedstanzaofvarioustypes,especiallytherhymedcoupletof5accentsiniambicmeter（the“heroiccouplet”）乔叟（1343-1400）,英国诗歌之父.首创英雄双韵体.
5、TheRenaissanceandHumanism:
Humanismisthekey-noteoftheRenaissance.
文艺复兴,提倡理性,人文主义.
6、ThomasMore:
Utopia托马斯?
摩尔:
乌托邦（空想社会主义）.BookonepictureofcontemporaryEnglish,exposethepovertyoflabouringclass.Booktwoidealcomminwealth.
Moreunderstoodthattheprinciple“Fromeveryoneaccordingtohiscapacities,toeveryoneaccordingtohisneeds”istheonlypracticalbasisforacommunistsociety.
7、Thesonnet,anexactformofpoetryin14linesofiambicpentameterintricatelyrhymed,wasintroducedtoEnglandfromItaly.十四行诗（五步抑扬格,押韵）.blankverse:
无韵体（米尔顿）.
8、SirPhilipSideyiswell-knownasapoetandcriticofpoetry,”AstrophelandStella”
圣?
菲律浦?
西德尼十四行诗<
<
阿期菲尔和斯特拉>
>
.
EdmundSpenser:
the“poet’spoet”.in1579hewrote“TheShepherd’sCalendar”
斯宾塞,诗人中的诗人,<
牧羊人的日历>
.TheFaerieQueene是一部卷帙丰富的长诗,诗中有传统寓言（ALLEGORY）以及对伊丽莎白女王的颂歌。
9、FrancisBacon,thefounderofEnglishmaterialistphilosophyandmodernscience.
培根,英国唯物主义和现代科学奠基人,散文家.
10、Marlowe’s马洛<
浮士德博士>
ItisMarlowewhofirstmadeblankverse（rhymelesiambicpentameter）theprincipalinstrumentofEnglishdrama.为莎士比亚戏剧作了奠基
11、Shakespere:
四大喜剧AMidsummerNight’sDream,TheMerchantofVenice,AsYouLikeIt,TwelfthNightl.
四大悲剧:
Hamlet,Othello,KingLear,Macbeth.
DesdemonaandOthellobothbelongtothefutureworld.Theirtragedyshowsthatnoble—mindedpeoplemaybeledastraybyevilforcesinaevilsocietyandcommitheinousmistakesiftheycannotdistinguishfalsehoodfromtruth,andevilfromgood.”Othello”isatragetyofhumanism.”Othello”isalsoatragedyofthecolouredpeopleinasocietyofracialprejudice.
Thethemeof“KingLear”isnotsimplyfilialingratitude.Theplaydepictsagreatsocialupheaval.ThemiseriesofLeardisclosetheessenceofacorruptsociety,Thisisareflectionsofthejunglelawoftheageofprimitiveaccumulations.TherootofLear’stragedyliesinhisirresponsiblydividinguphiskingdomowingtomistakinghistwodaughters’insincereflatteryforgenuinelove.
“Macbeth”:
Theplayisatragedyofambion,whichdrivesabravesoldierandnationalherotodegenerateintoabloodymurdereranddespotrighttohisdoom.
“Hamlet”:
isconsideredthesummitofShakespeare’sart.
12、Milton:
:
ParadiseLost米尔顿<
失乐园>
13、SamsonAgonistesisapoeticaldramamodeledontheGreektragedies.大力士参森
14、Bunyan:
ThePilgrim’sProgress班扬<
天路历程>
影晌了VanityFair<
名利场>
15、MetaphysicalPoetsandCavalierPoets玄学派和骑士诗人JohnDonne,邓恩thefounderoftheMetaphysicalschoolofpoetry.bymysticismincontentandfantasticalityinform.形式上很怪异,荒谬.
16、JohnDrydenwasaprolificwriter.Accordingtoclassicism,drama,poetryandproseshouldallbecontrolledbysomefixedrules.古典主义理性法则,秩序.
17、theEnlightenmentinEurope,theenlightenersfoughtagainstclassinequality,stagnation,prejudicesandothersurvivalsoffeudalism.therepresentativesoftheEnlightnessinEnglishliteraturewereJosephAddisonandRichardSteele,theessayists,andAlexanderPope,thepoet.英国启蒙运动
18、JonathanSwiftwasborninDublin,Ireland,in1667.Gulliver’sTravels斯威夫特<
格列佛游记>
TheDrapie’sLetters散文andAModestProposal,Wood’shalf-pence
19、Defoe:
RobinsonCrusoe笛福:
鲁滨逊漂流记ThecharacterofRobinsonCrusoeisrepresentativeoftheEnglishbourgeoesieattheearliersatagesofitsdevelopment,Heismostpracticalandexactg,alwaysreligiousandatsametimemindfulofhisownprofit.
20、SamuelRichardson:
Pamela,First,itdiscardedthe“improbableandmarvelous”accomplishmentsoftheformerheroicromances,andpucturedthelifeandloveofordinarypeople.Secondly,itsintentionwastoaffordnotmerelyentertainmentbutalsomoralinstruction,Thirdly,itdescribesnotonlythesayinganddoingsofthecharactersbutalsotheirsecretthoughtsandfeeling.Itwas,infact,thefirstEnhlishpsycho-analyticalnovel.书信体写作方法,是心理分析小说的鼻祖,
21、Fielding菲尔丁<
约瑟夫安德鲁>
thenovelwasatthesametimecriticizedforitsexcessivesentimentalityanditsutilitarianmorality.FieldingastheFounderoftheEnglishRealisticNovel英国现实主义小说奠基人
SomeFeaturesoffielding’sNovel:
1）Fielding’sMethodofRelatingaStory;
Therearethreewaysintellingthestoryofanovel.Itmaybetoldinaseriesofletters.
22、Sheridan雪尔顿,戏剧家,造谣学校.
23、Johnson’sDictionary约翰逊<
字典编撰>
24、OliverGoldsmith:
Peoms:
五步一扬格
25、SentimetalisminEnglishPoetry.Theappearanceanddevelopmentofsentimentalistpoetrymarksthemidwayinthetransitionfromclassicismtoitsopposite.RomanticisminEnglishPoetry.感伤主义,古典和浪漫转换
ThomasGraya;
牧园哀歌
26、Williamblake:
and
27、Burns:
theworksoftheScottishpoetsRamsayandFergusson.苏格兰庄严形式,//ARes,RedRose//.Sothegeneralfeatureoftheworksoftheromanticistsisadissatisfactionwiththebourgeoisxiciety.消极
28、Wordsworth,therepresentarivepoetoftheearlyromaneicism.markedthebreakwiththeconventionalpoeticaltraditionofthe18thcentury.标志着浪漫主义的开始”allgoodpoetryisthespontaneousoverflowofpowerfulfeeling.Wordsworth,ColeridgeandSoutheyhaveoftenbeenmentionedsathe“LakePoet”消极的湖畔诗人.
29、Coleridge;
Hismostimportantproseworkis“BioftaphiaLiteraria,orSketchesofMyLiteraryLifeandOpinions”alitertyautobiography,whichaffordedthenewRomanticpoetryanewprincipleofcriticism,whosetaskwasnottojudgebuttoappreciateandinterpret.ColeridgewasthefirstcriticoftheRomanticschool.诗人,评论家.
30、Byron:
----cantos,拜伦:
唐璜>
诗篇
31、Shelley:
雪莱,<
被缚的普罗米修斯>
<
西风颂>
32、JohnKeats:
”Beautyintruth,truthinbeauty.”hesharedaclosesympathyinpoliticalsentiment.Yet,whilebyronandShelleyattemptedtoremouldthecontemporarysocietywithbothpoetryandpoliticalaction,KeatsrestrictedhisapplicationoftheprincipleoflibertytothesphereofArt.
33、Lamb,fromMontaigne’s“Essais”:
.伊利亚散文集
34、EnglishCriticalRealism:
CharlesDickens,MakepeaceThackeray,CharlotteandEmilyBronte,ElizabethGaskell,GeorgeEliot.英国批判现实主义,,讽刺,Humorousscenesmayattendtheactionsofthepositivecharacters,butthishumouristingedwithlyricismandservestostressthefinequalitiesofsuchcharacters.Atthesametime,bittersatireandgrotesqueisusedtoexposetheseamysideofthebourgeoissociety.Throughthesketchesofvariousnegativecharactersgivenbirthtobythecapitalistsystem,criticalrealismrevealsthecorruptinginfluenceoftheruleofcashuponhumannature.Hereliestherootofthedemocraticandhumanisticcharacterofthecriticalrealismofthe19thcentury.Butthecriticalrealistsdidnotfindawaytoeradicatesocialevils.Theywereunabletofindagoodsolutiontothesocialcontradictions.Thechieftendencyintreirworksisnotofrevolutionbutratherofreformism.
35、Dickens,《ATaleofTwoCities》.”Therewere,ofcourse,richpeopleandpoor”
36、Thackeray:
ANovelWithoutaHero名利场.ThetitlewastakenfromBunyan’s“Pilgrim’sProgress”
37、JaneAusten:
Sheherselfcomparedherworktoafineengravingmadeuponalittlepieceofivoryonlytwoinchessquare.Thecomparisonistrue.Theivorysurfaceissmallenough,butthewomanwhomadedrawingsofhumanlifeonitisarealartist.prideandprejudice奥斯汀,<
傲慢与偏见>
38、CharlotteBronte:
夏洛蒂勃朗特,EmilyBronte,
39、Mrs.Gaskell:
40、GeorgeEliot:
,.Eliotwrotehernovelswiththeaimofpropagatinghermoralviews.”AdamBede”isanovelofmoralconflicts,showingthecontestofpersonaldesires,passion,temperament,humanweaknessesandtheclaimsofmoralduty.
41、TheEnglishrealistsofthe19thcenturymadeapanoramicpictureofthebourgeoissociety.Theygaveabitingexposureofthegreed,hypocrisyandsordidnessofthebourgeoisie.Theyalsodescribedthesufferingsofthecommonpeopleundercapitalism.Theirdepthofinterpretationanddescriptionpushedtheartofnovel-writingtonewheights,hithertonotattainedbythe18thcenturynovelistsintermsofmoralityandethics,andputforwardreformandreconciliationasthewaytosolveacuteclasscontradictions.theirgreatcontributionforworldliteraturelieschieflyintheirexposureandcriticismofthebourgeoisieandintheirsympatheticdescriptionofthesmall,com
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