英语自考本科英语语法名词解释Word下载.docx

英语自考本科英语语法名词解释Word下载.docx

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6.participles

Participlesbelongtonon-finiteverbtype.

Therearetwokindsofparticiples:

-ingparticipleand–edparticiple.

7.Whatisdanglingparticiple?

Whenthesubjectofaparticipleisnotexpressed,itisnormallyunderstoodtobethesubjectofthemainclause.Wecallthiskindofparticipledanglingparticiple.

8.Whatis“fronting”?

“fronting”isatermwhichreferstotheremovalofanitemfromitsunmarkedpost-subjectpositiontothemarkedpre-subjectposition.Asfrontingmovesintotheinitialpositionanitemwhichdoesnotusuallybelongthere,suchagrammaticaldevicedisturbstheexpectedrouteofinformationflowandinevitablebringsaboutunusualness,i.e.“thismanovertherepeopleinthevicinityhaveaverylowopinionof.”

9.Define“ellipsis”

Thebasicprincipleofellipsisisleavingoutsomethingunderstoodandhenceproducesimcompletesentenceswithsuchastructureastopresupposeaprecedingitem.Ellipsis,somehowlikesubstitutions,setsupcohesiononthebasisofstructuralrecoverabilitywithreferencetothelinguisticcontext.Herearethreetypesofellipsis:

nominal:

whygivemetwocupsofcoffee?

Ionlyaskedforone.

a.Verbal:

A:

haveyouseenhimbefore?

B:

yes,Ihave.

b.clausal:

A:

willitraintomorrow?

perhaps.

10.Determiners

Determinersrefertowordswhichareusedinthepremodificationofanounphraseandwhichtypicallyprecedeanyadjectivesthatpremodifytheheadword.

11.themajorfunctionofprepositions

Themajorfunctionofprepositionsistoconnectnouns,verbsandadjectivestootherpartsofthesentence,e.g..Igetuoearlyinthemorning.

12.disjunct

Disjunctsconveyacommentonthecontentoftheclausetowhichtheyareperipherallyattached.

13.adjunt

Adjuntisawordoragroupofwordswhichweaddtoaclausetosaysomethingthecircumstancesofaneventorsituation,forexample,when,whereorhowitoccurs.

14.Whatisdoublerelativeclause?

Itisusedtocoveralltheverbformsthatexpressassumptionscontrarytothegivenfactornotlikelytobematerialized,andbecomesafarlessimportantverbalcategorythanwassuggested.

15.Coordination

Coordinationisrealizedbycoordinatorswhichjoinunitsatthesamelevel.

16.Subordination

Subordinationisrealizedbysubordinators,involvesthelinkingofunitsatdifferentlevelssothattheyformahierarchy.Asubordinatorintroducesasubordinateclausewhichisattachedtothemainclause.

18.Doublegenitive

Doublegenitive,alsoreferredtoasthe“postgenitive”,isalsocalledbecauseitisacombinationofthegenitiveandtheof-phrase,suchasafriendofmybrother’s.

21.nounclasses

Nounclassesincludepropernounsandcommonnouns.

Commonnounsincludecountablenounsandmassnouns.

Countablenounsincludeconcretenounsandabstractnouns.

22.Propernouns

Propernounsdenoteindividualpersons,places,etc.apropernounnormallybeginswithacapicalletter,hasnopluralformandcannotoccurafteranarticle.

23.Massnouns

Nounscannottakepluralarecalledmassnouns.

24.Collectivenoun

Collectivenounsrefertoagroupofpeople,animalandthings,whichareusuallycountable.

25.Unionnoun

Itisalsocalled"

partitive"

isaveryspecialclassofwordsthatisusedtospecifythequantitiesmeasuresandshapesofthemodifiednounsuchas:

piece,batch,bunch,item,etc.

26.Pluralinvariables

Nounsarealwaysoccurinpluralform.

27.Pluralcompounds

Threetendenciesareatworkintheinflectionofcompoundsforplural:

pluralizethelastelement,pluralizethefirstelementandplurizebothfirstandthelastelements.

28.Singularinvariables

Singularinvariablearenormallyinvariablesingulars,propernounsandmassnounsbelongtosingularinvariables.

29.Alternativequestions:

Thosequestionsthatsuggesttwo（ormore）alternativesandusuallyimplythatoneofthemcouldbetrue.

30.How-exclamations:

Exclamationsthatareledbytheadverb‘how’.Ithighlightstheadjective,adverb,orverbinexclamations.

31.Foreignplurals：

Theyarewordsborrowedfromsomeotherlanguageswhichstilltaketheiroriginalformsofplural，Mostoften，theyarefrom-Latin，French，Greek：

alumna--alumnae，index--indices，plateau--plateaux，analysis—analyses，etc.

32.Genitives

Formsorconstructionusedtodenotepossession,measurementorsource.

Example:

John’scar;

amoment’sdigression;

theresistanceofIraq

33.Non-progressiveverbs

verbsthatcannotoccurintheprogressiveaspect.

34.Tense

Anyoneoftheinflectedformsintheconjugationofaverbthatindicatesthetemporallocationofaneventorastateofaffairs.

35.Aspect

Aspectreflectsthewayinwhichtheverbactionisregardedorexperiencedwithrespecttotime.

36.Get-passiveandbe-passive

Get-passiveisfarlesspopularthanbe-passive.Thereasonsare:

first,get-passiveisgenerallyavoidedinformasyle,andevenininformalEnglishitisfarlessfrequentthanbe-passive.Second,semantically,get-passiveistypicallyusedtorefertoanevent,ratherthanastate;

todenotetheconsequenceratherthattherocess,ofanevent;

andtolayemphasisonwhathappens（usu.Unfavorably）tothesubjectasaresultoftheevent,ratherthanwhoactuallycausestheevent.

37.pseudo-passive:

Apseudo-passivesentenceispassiveinformbutactiveinmeaning.Itsed-participleisadjectivalizedsothatitbecomesasubjectcomplement.Asanadjective,itcanoccurinacomparativeconstruction,withavarietyofprepositionalphrasesotherthanby-phrase,andwithotherlinkverbsbesidesbeandget.

38.Voice:

Apropertyofverbsorasetofverbinflectionsindicatingtherelationbetweenthesubjectandtheactionexpressedbytheverb.

39.Mood:

Asetofverbformsorinflectionsusedtoindicatethespeaker'

sattitudetowardthefactualityorlikelihoodoftheactionorconditionexpressed.InEnglishtheindicativemoodisusedtomakefactualstatements,thesubjunctivemoodtoindicatedoubtorunlikelihood,andtheimperativemoodtoexpressacommand.

40.be-passive：

Thepassivemadeupof‘auxiliarybe+v-ed’.Forexample:

ThebookwaswrittenbyHamilton.

be-subjunctive:

41.Allomorph

Anallomorphisanindistinctivevariantofamorpheme.

42.Thebe-subjunctive

Itisformallymarkedbytheuseofthebaseoftheverb;

thatis,theverbinvariablyoccursinthebaseformfreefromtheconcordconstraintswiththesubjectandfromthetenseagreementwithotherverbs.Forexample:

Itisimportantthatthebosshandleitinperson.

43.Modalauxiliary:

OneofasetofEnglishverbs,includingcan,may,must,ought,shall,should,will,wouldandetc.,thatarecharacteristicallyusedwithotherverbstoexpressmoodortense.

44.Thebareinfinitive?

Theinfinitive,whichoccursasaverbinthebaseformwithouttoiscalledbareinfinitive.

Preposition:

Insomelanguages,awordplacedbeforeasubstantiveandindicatingtherelationofthatsubstantivetoaverb,anadjective,oranothersubstantive,asEnglishat,by,in,to,from,andwith.

45.Concord:

Italsotermed‘agreement’,canbedefinedas‘therelationshipbetweentwogrammaticalunitssuchthatoneoftemdisplaysaparticularfeaturethataccordswithadisplayedfeatureintheother.

46.Statements:

Statementsintheformofsimplesentencesarethefoundationstoneofalltheenglishsentences.Theirprimaryfunctionistoconveyinformation,inapositivewayorinanegative.Therearetwomajortypesofstatementsonapolarity-positivestatementandnegativestatement.

47.Assertion:

Anassertivesentenceiseitheraninterrogativesentenceoranegativesentence.Itisassociatedtoassertivewords.

48.Non-assertion:

Anon-assertivesentenceiseitheraninterrogativesentenceoranegativesentence.Itisassociatedtonon-assertivewordsandnegativewords.

49.Anegativestatement

Anegativestatementbasicallyexoressesthespeaker’snegativeattitudetowardhisproposition.Thenegationofastatementcanbeaccomplicatedbyinsetingavarietyofnegativewords,amongwhich“not”isbyfarthemostcommonlyusedeitherinwritingorinspeaking.

50.Transferrednegation

Transferrednegationreferstitheshiftifnagationfromthesubordinateclause,whereitsemanticallybelongsto,themainclause.Itnormallyoccurswithsuchverbsasthink,believe,suppose,imagineandexpect,thatis,verbsthatexpress“opinion”.

51.Semi-negatives

Semi-negativesrefertowordswhicharenegativeinmeaningbut