英语教育张丽论文Word格式.docx

英语教育张丽论文Word格式.docx

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姓名张丽

班级2013春电大本科班

学号1362001206473

指导教师

提交日期2014.11.10

AComparativeStudyonRefusalSpeechinChineseandEnglish

ZhangLi

Athesis

Gansuradioandtelevisionuniversitydepartmentofforeignlanguages

November,2014

原创性声明

本人郑重声明：

本人所呈交的论文是在指导教师的指导下独立进行研究所取得的成果。

学位论文中凡是引用他人已经发表或未经发表的成果、数据、观点等均已明确注明出处。

除文中已经注明引用的内容外，不包含任何其他个人或集体已经发表或撰写过的科研成果。

本声明的法律责任由本人承担。

论文作者签名：

年月日

论文指导教师签名：

目录

一、论文正文……………………………………………………………..1-14

二、附录

1．毕业论文成绩评定表

2．答辩小组意见

3．答辩成绩评分表

4．论文指导记录

5．开题报告

CONTENTS

Abstract.i

摘要ii

1Introduction1

2LiteratureReview1

3RefusalStrategiesandInfluencingFactors4

3.1RefusalStrategies4

3.1.1DirectRefusalStrategies4

3.1.2IndirectRefusalStrategies5

3.2InfluencingFactors8

4AnalysisofRefusalSpeechActinEnglishandChinese8

4.1TheCommonPointsbetweenEnglishandChineseRefusal8

4.1.1GenerallyUsingIndirectRefusalStrategies8

4.1.2FollowingthePolitenessPrinciple9

4.2TheDifferencesbetweenEnglishandChineseRefusal9

4.2.1RefusingObjects10

4.2.2TheChoiceofdifferentRefusalStrategies10

4.2.3TheDegreeofIndirectRefusal11

5TheCulturalDifferencesbetweenChinaandWesternCountriesinRe-fusing11

5.1CollectivismandIndividualism11

5.2TheAttitudetoSocialStatus12

6Conclusion13

References15

Abstract：

Asanessentialpartofinterpersonalinteraction,refusalisnotonlyaspeechactfrequentlyemployedinourdailylife,butalsoaface-threatening-act.Duetoitsface-threateningnature,interlocutorshavetotakepolitenessintoconsiderationandusesomepolitenessstrategiestomitigateitsthreattotherefusee’sface.

ThisthesisistoanalyzevariouscontextsreflectedinrefusalstrategiesinEnglishandChineseintermsofsimilaritiesanddissimilaritiesandtheirculturaldifferences.Thisthesisisdividedintofiveparts:

thefirstchapteristheintroductionofrefusalinEnglishandChineseandtheexplanationofitsnecessity;

thesecondchapteristheliteraturereview,whichintroducesthepresentlevelofstudyontherefusalinEnglishandChineseathomeandabroad;

thethirdchapteranalyzesrefusalstrategiesandtheirinfluencingfactors;

thefourthchapterresearchesthecommonpointsanddifferencesfromdifferentperspectives;

thefifthchapterpresentstheculturaldifferencesbetweenChinaandWesterncountriesinrefusing.

BythecomparativestudyonrefusalspeechinChineseandEnglish,thisthesisanalyzestheeffectsofChineseandEnglishcultureonrefusalanditmaycontributetoabetterunderstandingofappropriaterefusalstrategiesusedindifferentcontexts.Thefindingsmayhelppeoplealleviateuneasinessandbarriersininterpersonalcommunicationsbetweenpeoplefromdifferentcultures,reducepragmaticfailuresandimprovetheircross-culturalcommunicativecompetence.

Keywords:

speechact；

refusalstrategy;

comparativestudy;

individualism;

collectivism

英汉拒绝语对比研究

张丽

【摘要】作为人际交往中的一个重要组成部分，拒绝是日常生活中使用频率比较高的言语行为，并且是一种“本质上威胁请求者正面子的威胁行为”。

由于拒绝通常威胁被拒绝者的面子，因此人们在实施这一行为时常常要考虑礼貌问题，用一些礼貌策略来减缓对对方面子的威胁。

由于拒绝言语行为涉及给予、请求、邀请、建议等诸多方面，本论文主要通过对各种情景进行分析，旨在分析英汉拒绝语的异同及其文化差异。

本文共分五部分：

第一章对英汉拒绝语进行简介并说明研究的必要性；

第二章介绍了国内外英汉拒绝语的研究现状；

第三章分析拒绝策略及其影响因素；

第四章分别从间接策略的使用及其遵循的原则角度探讨其共同点和拒绝对象、不同策略的选择及其间接拒绝程度三个方面分析两者的差异；

第五章主要从文化价值观和对社会地位的态度的角度分析英汉拒绝语的文化差异。

本论文通过对英汉拒绝语的对比研究，分析中西方文化差异对英汉拒绝语的影响，有助于人们更好地了解中西方拒绝言语行为中的文化差异，提高语言使用者在不同的语境中恰当地使用拒绝策略的能力，减少语用失误，增强跨文化交际的能力。

【关键词】：

言语行为；

拒绝策略；

对比研究；

个人主义；

集体主义

1Introduction

Refusal,asacommonspeechact,playsaveryimportantroleinpeople’sdailycommunication,butitisalsoaverycomplexspeechactwhichmaythreatenthefaceoftwocommunicatingparties.Therefore,intheprocessoftherefusalspeechact,peopleshouldtakesavingfaceintoaccountfirstly.Thatis,inordertomakecommunicationgoonwheels,peopleshouldnotonlyachievethepurposeofrefusal,butalsotakeaccountofthelisteners’feelings.Inrecentyears,withthedevelopmentoftheeconomicglobalization,Chinacontactswithwesterndevelopedcountriesmoreclosely.However,thedifferencesbetweenChineseandWesterncultureareboundtobringobstaclestocross-culturalcommunication.Asakindofcommunicationactinpeople’sdailylife,especiallyoftenoccurringinspeechcommunication,therefusalspeechacthasmanydifferencesbecauseofdifferentcultures,etcindifferentcountries.Basedonthepreviousstudies,thispaperwillstudytherefusalstrategies,theinfluencingfactors,befocusedonthecomparativestudyonrefusalspeechinChineseandEnglishandresearchChineseandWesternculturesfromEnglishandChineserefusal.Thispaper,thestudyonChineseandEnglishrefusal,canplayaguidingroleinsecondlanguagelearningandcross-culturalcommunication.

2LiteratureReview

Asaverycommonandsensitivespeechact,contrarytothesocialclaimofestablishingandmaintainingcomity,refusalinessenceisnotpolitebutafacethreateningactwhichhurtstherequesters’face.Peoplelivinginthedifferentsocialandculturalbackground,becauseofthedifferenceofitsvalues,worldreviews,nationalcharacters,historical,geographicalandenvironmentalconditions,havedifferentsocialnormsorpragmaticrulesontherefusalact,someareevenextremelydifferent,soitismoredifficultforsecondlanguagelearnersandcross-culturalcommunicatorstomasterthislanguagebehavior.Inrecentyears,basedontheirdifferentpurposes,scholarsathomeandabroadresearchedthistopicfromdifferentperspectivesandachievedsomeresearchresults.

Inforeigncountries,themainscholarsstudyingwereBeebeandLiao＆Bresnahan.Beebe（1990）thoughtrefusalwascompletedbyasetoflimitednumberdirectandindirectsemanticformulas.Specifictoeachrefusal,itwasinaccordancewiththestatusandpowerrelationsbetweenspeakerandlistener,andpeoplemadechoicesfromallofthesesemanticformulas.Besides,theyconsideredthatrefusalsinnaturaldialoguewereusuallyconnectedwithacertainlengthofconsultationsequence.Becausetheriskofoffendingthecommunicatorswasthepartofrefusalspeechact,therewasalevelofindirectionanditscontentsandformswererestrictedbyinvitation,request,suggestionorprovidingconcretespeechacts.Theymainlyanalyzedandstudiedthesequence,thefrequencyandspecificcontentsofthesemanticformulas,anddividedrefusalspeechactintotwocategories:

directrefusalandindirectrefusal.Theformerincluded“perspectiveacts”（e.g.Irefuse）and“noneperspectiveacts”（“No”orNegativewilling／ability,like“Ican’t”;

“Iwon’t”“Idon’tthinkso”）,whilethelattercanbedividedintoelevenkindsofsemanticformulas,suchasavoidance,wish,expressingregret,etc.Liao＆Bresnahan（1996）comparedtherefusalstrategiesinAmericaandChinaTaiwan,andfoundbothAmericanandTaiwaneseuseapologyspeechactsinasimilarfrequency.Atthesametime,Americansdon’trefusefriendseasily,whileTaiwanesedonoteasilyrefusefamilymembers.Moreover,bothofthemuseddifferentidiomaticexpressionsandstrategy,the“touchedinpassingassumption,theysummarized24refusalstrategies,suchasavoidance,makingsuggestion,makingfunofandcriticism,etc.bycalculatingtheaveragenumberofsurveyusingrefusalstrategies.

InChina,theresearchonrefusalbeganveryearlyandmainlyconcentratedonthetraditionalrhetoricandspeechcommunicationinearlytime.Rhetoricisasubjectwhichfocusesonhowtoimprovetheeffectoflanguageexpressionincommunicativeactivities,aswellasakindofunderstandingandimprovinghumanrelationstool.Traditionalrhetoricfocusedonthelanguageexpressioneffectsanddiscussthedifferencesofdifferentexpressionmodes,includingthediscussiononthedifferentrefusalways.Thesestudiesarescatteredinvariousrhetoricsintheliterature.Whenstudyingtheeuphemisticexpressioninrhetoricfield,researchersinsistedthatrefusalshouldbeeuphemisticandexpressinthemostsuitablewaytomakethemcorrespondwiththecommunicativeenvironmentandsocialbackground.RenFu’sSpeechActandCulturalPatterns---ThreeCasesofChineseCommunicativeWay（1995）used“Euphemism”toexplaintheChineserefusalmethod“latertosay’.Modernrhetorictendstoanalyzetherhetoricalbehaviors,theprinciplesoftherhetoricbehaviorsanditscomposingandstrategies.Withtheestablishmentofthespeechacttheoryandpolitenessprincipleinpragmatics,theresearchonindirectspeechactbecamethemostattractivepart.Especiallyafterthetwentiethcentury,themiddleof80s,peoplegraduallyfoundthattoconcludemanyspeechactsintosomelimitedcategorieswasnotaneasytaskandtheclassificationstandardsweresodivergentthattheresearchonthespeechactclassificationfieldappearedarelativelylonelysituation.Thus,Chinesescholarsbegantoputthefocusoftheirresearchesonthecomparativestudyofthecrossculturalspeechactandmademanyusefulexplorationsandresearchesonthespeechacts,suchasaddress,request,invitation,compliment,apologyandrefusal.Intheinternationalsituation,refusalstudybrokethroughthescopeofrhetoric;

researchersreviewedtherefusalfromtheperspectiveofpragmatics,andobtainedthecertainresearchresults.AccordingtothesearchresultsinChineseacademicperiodicaldatabase,40sresearchpapersaboutrefusalarepublishedinChina,inwhichtworegarded“euphemism”asthestartingpointtostudytheChineserefusal,4articleswereresearchesfrompragmaticsperspectives,takingtheproportionof87.2pe