葡萄机经伴侣1124v10final文档格式.docx

葡萄机经伴侣1124v10final文档格式.docx

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阅读机经伴侣5

听力机经伴侣19

口语机经伴侣40

写作机经伴侣51

模拟72

口语模拟使用说明72

写作模拟使用说明72

口语模拟73

写作模拟80

前言

元芳说：

学机经一定要有葡萄机经伴侣我们不是预测中不中的，我们是不管预测中不中都能帮你考高分的！

！

让有限的时间用在有效的学习中，让“看”机经变成“学”机经！

从中国葡萄变成美国提子，你要相信托福考试是紫色的！

1.独家整理的真题英文还原，让机经不再仅仅是简单的网友回忆。

机经中不是人话的中文还原，让各位小盆友们从看不懂到看不懂到各种看不懂。

。

，而伴侣中对重点题目英文还原让你彻底解脱，避免学了半天原来是不准确的。

2.最简单的模板应用，让预测不中也有思路写出段子。

针对题目和题型的重新定位，独家给出思路模版，从此不再担心预测不中。

组合＋联想，让你比写汉语作文还简单。

3.独家音频还原，看机经时如临真实考场之中。

独家录制的机经真题音频还原，全新的机经学习体验。

口语备考从没如此幸福。

针对机经真题的考前听写训练你有木有？

有木有？

机经伴侣使用说明

阅读机经伴侣使用说明

1.该机经伴侣针对2012年05月26日北美机经的阅读部分进行详细分解，内容包括考生回忆的中文内容；

文章原文还原；

生词集锦。

2.考生可以将原文还原作为托福阅读文章阅读，分析文章的内容结构，英文原文部分按照原文的框架做了中文的标题说明，并用黑体字强调了核心语句。

3.考生可以熟悉生词集锦，该集锦结合了《托福词以类记》，属于托福阅读高频词汇。

听力机经伴侣使用说明

1.该机经伴侣针对2011年12月09日北美机经的听力部分进行详细分解，内容包括考生回忆的中文内容；

问题预测；

背景介绍；

2.考生需要熟悉问题预测中的题型，出题原则，问题，出题点和可能问题部分，其中黑体字部分为考生回忆出题点预测题目，非黑体字部分为根据出题原则预测题目。

3.考生可以将背景介绍作为托福阅读文章阅读，分析文章的内容结构，英文原文部分按照原文的框架做了中文的标题说明，并用黑体字强调了核心语句。

4.考生可以熟悉生词集锦，该集锦结合了《托福词义类记》，属于托福听力高频词汇。

口语机经伴侣使用说明

1.浏览机经中所有口语独立题目即Task1，2；

2.根据每道题目后面提供的思路和要点，挑选、组合并写出适合自己的答题提纲；

3.根据提纲，写出自己的答题段落（口头作文）；

4.反复朗读并修改自己的答题段落，直至能在规定时间（45秒）内流利说出答案为止；

5.模拟考试场景，录下自己的答题段落，考前反复重录重听。

写作机经伴侣使用说明

1.按照四种分类，浏览机经上所有独立写作题目，归纳每类题目的共同特点；

2.逐类浏览范文及分析，比较同一类题目不同写作思路的难易，针对每一类题目，选择最适合自己的写作思路；

3.详细阅读范文，主要掌握文章开头、结尾的写作模式，文章主干的展开方式及结构；

4.按照范文框架，还原范文的内容；

5.摘抄、背诵范文主干当中的论证以及论述句子；

6.模仿范文的结构，进行同一类思路下面其他文章的写作。

阅读机经伴侣

（2012-05-26NA）

Passage1DevelopmentofMedievalCommerce

有一座銀礦發現後,鑄幣業（minting）開始產生.中世紀的商人開始可以攜帶比較少的錢幣做遠距離的貿易.中間有一些商會的形成,商人之間的互相（mutualtrust）信任造成信用（credit）機制的產生（有重述題）.這題跟TPO好像13還是10有一題很像.

文章导入（Lead）：

TherenaissanceofmarketsandtradeinEuropefromthetenththroughthethirteenthcenturynaturallybringsthetriplequestionofwhatwastraded,bywhatmeansandwhoweretraders.Itisarguedthatinherentinthegraineconomyisadynamicoffrequentscarcitythatencouragedexchangeofagriculturalcommoditiesatleastonthelocallevel.Buthowcouldthelocaltradespilloverboundarytotheregionalandeventrans-continentalone?

铸币业兴起

Insuccessivecenturies,marketnetworksgrewtoembraceregionalandinternationalareas,butmoredistantmarketrelationsbroughtgreaterproblemsoftransportandpayment,makingthedirectexchangeofonecommodityforanotherincreasinglydifficult.Theincentivefortradertoadoptcoinsasthemediumofexchangethusbecamemoreandmorecompelling,untilintruthincanbesaid,“nomint,nomarket.”.

Mintsandmarketstendedtogotogethereveninearlymedievaltimes.AglanceatamapofCarolingianmintsfrom730to849showsapreponderanceofcoinageactivitypreciselyintheareaofgreatesteconomicexpansion,thatboundedbytheLoireandtheRhine.AlmosttwiceasmanymintsexistedthereasintherestoftheCarolingianempirecombined,suggestingthatevenintheinfancyofmedievaleconomicexpansion,moneywasgreasingthewheelsofgrowth.ThecoincidenceofmintandmarketisequallytrueintheGermany,whereatthebeginningofthetenthcenturytherewerevirtuallynomintseastoftheRhine.Thereafter,undertheOttonianemperorsdozenofnewmintswerecreated,manyofthemeastoftheRhine.Bytheyear1000theseformedachainlinkingtheeasternmostmintatMagdeburgtothewesterntradeemporiumofCologne,itselfperchedontheeasternedgeofthemostdenslydevelopedmintingnetworkoftheCarolingianheartland.

银矿的开采催生铸币业

Tothephrase“nomint,nomarket,”however,mustbeaddedanother:

“nometal,nomint.”ThesurgeofmintcreationacrossGermanydidnothappenbyaccident;

mintsareonlyestablishedwhenthereisacriticalmassofrawmaterialtoworkwith,andthatappearedinplentywiththediscoveryofsilverintheRammelsbergabovethetownofGoslarintheHarzMountainslateinthetenthcentury.ThesesupplieswereaugmentedshortlyafterwardbyfurtherdiscoveriesinthesouthernBlackForest.Theincreasedquantitiesofsilver,promptlycoinedinthenewmints,rapidly“irrigated”—inPeterSpufford’selegantterm—bothcountrysideandcity,greatlyincreasingtheuseofcointhroughoutWesternEurope.

贸易市场中商会间的信用机制

Withtheeasyaccesstothebulkofportablecurrency,thelongdistanceoftradewasmadepossible.Butthispossibilityhadtoberealizedontheprerequisitethatthetradingenvironmentwasfavorabletothetransactionbetweenandamongpeoplewithdifferentorigins.Monetarystabilityandwithitmarketexpansioncouldonlybeguaranteedwhenmintsandmarketswereanchoredinthecontextofaneworreviewedsocialinstitution,thefair.Peoplewithdifferentgoodsassembleataplace,wherestallsweresetupandlocalmerchantswouldselltheirwares,nearbytownsmayhavealsosentanysurplusgoodstheycouldtobesold.Intheassembly,orfair,peoplegraduallyformedintoassociationorgild.Thereweremyriadtransactionsamongtheparticipatingmerchantsentailingflowsinmanydirections.Inthisconnectiontheinternationalfairstranscendedthemselvesasmerchantsdevelopedapaymentsystembasedoncreditinstrumentcalledlettresdefoire,orfairletters.Thesedocumentsrecognizedsalesofmerchandize,butoftenspecifiedpaymentatlaterfair,whenthetotalofdebitsandcreditsforaseasonwouldbecomputedandafinalreckoningmadebetweenbuyersandsellers.Letterswerenotendorsable,butcouldbetransferredfromonepartytoanother.

结束语

Likegrassgrowinginthecracksofasidewalk,medievalbusinessadaptedtoconditionsnotofitsownmaking,yetultimatelysucceededintransformingthem.Medievalfairs,money,creditsystem—noneofthemweremade-to-orderforthegrowthofbusiness.YettheyallbecamepartoftheessentialinfrastructureleadingtotheremarkableeconomictakeoffoftheHighMiddleAges.

词汇

renaissance文艺复兴

triple三倍

inherent内在的

scarcity稀少

commodity商品

spill外渗

boundary边界

successive连续的

incentive鼓励

adopt采纳

medium媒介

compelling必须的

mint铸造

preponderance优势

coinage铸造（货币）

infancy开始阶段

coincidence同时发生

perch栖息

rawmaterial原材料

augment增加

promptly及时地

coin铸造

portable可携带的

prerequisite前提条件

transaction交易

guarantee保证

anchor固定

assemble聚集

surplus剩余的

gild行会

transcend超越

lettredefoire票据结算

debit借方

specify详细规定

reckon计算

endorsable可背书的（即在支票背面签字）

transfer转移

infrastructure基础设施

Passage2猛犸象消失之谜

MommothSteppe.亞洲大陸和阿拉斯加中間的白令海域在過去2.5萬年之間有七次冰河期（?

）反正有七次冷暖交替.猛馬象在最後一次滅絕.G開頭的學者認為一種他命名叫MommothSteppe的草在過去冰河期那段寒冷期間,除了最冷到最巔峰的時間以外,都長得比現在的草還要好（有重述題）.因此可以提供足夠的營養給上面大型動物.現代的植物因為比較酸（acidic）還有一個不太重要的原因沒有辦法帶給地上動物足夠的營養.他認為因為這種草在之後環境變暖了後就滅絕了,所以猛馬象也一起陪葬了.可是有另外的學者覺得沒有化石的證據證實這種MammothSteppe真的存在過,他們覺得猛馬象消失後草才跟著一起消失的.接下來一段在講一個例子述說大象這種踩踏有利於草原而不適合灌木生長.有一題插入題（大意是可是這個現象可以以mommonthsteppe不易留下化石證據的理由反駁）

文章导入（Lead）:

MostpopulationsofthewoollymammothinNorthAmericaandEurasia,aswellasalltheColumbianmammothsinNorthAmerica,diedoutaroundthetimeofthelastglacialretreat,aspartofamassextinctionofmegafaunainnorthernEurasiaandtheAmericas.Thewarmingtrend（Holocene）thatoccurred12,000yearsago,accompaniedbyaglacialretreatandrisingsealevels,hasbeensuggestedasacontributingfactor.Forestsreplacedopenwoodlandsandgrasslandsacrossthecontinent.Theavailablehabitatmayhavebeenreducedforsomemegafaunalspecies,suchasthemammoth.OneofthehabitatiscalledMammothSteppe.

什么是MammothSteppe

DuringtheLatePleistocenetheenvironmentofthenorthernterritoriesofEurasia,rangingfromWesternEuropetoAlaska,wasgenerallyopen,tendingtowardsteppe.ItisknownastheMammothSteppe,abiotoperemarkableforitsunusualcombinationofmammalspecieswhencomparedtothepresent-daydistribution.TheecosystemoftheMammothSteppecollapsedduringtheperiodthatmarksthePleistocene–Holocenetransitionandwasreplacedbythemoderntundra,taiga,andsteppebeltsofEurasia.TheMammothSteppewasveryproductiveandcharacterizedbyaverydiversefloraandfaunawithalargevarietyinspecies.DuringthePleistocene–Holocenetransitionadrasticrearrangementofitsfloralandfaunalcomponentsoccurredandledtoamarkedchangeinthedistributionofspecies.Thegeographicalrangesofseveralspeciesshrankandmanybecameregionallyextinct,whereasothersdisappearedcompletely.Itwasthetimewhenspeciessuchasgiantdeer,woollymammoth,andwoollyrhinocerosbecameextinctafterhavingsurvivedmanyclimaticchangesduringseveralhundredsofthousandsofyears.ItisalsotheperiodduringwhichhumansspreadintoNorthernSiberiaandcrossedBeringiaontheirwaytoAmerica.

MammothSteppe为猛犸象提供充足草料

Inthetimeofthemammoths,thelandscapeovermostoftheirrangelookedverydifferentthanthebarrenheathsandboggytundrasurroundingtherivertoday.Theairwasdrier,cloudcoverwaslimited,andstrongwindsswepttheelectricblueskies.Inplaceoftundragrewavast,aridgrasslandthatpaleobiologistR.DaleGuthriehascalledthemammothsteppe,stretchingfromIrelandtoKamchatkaandacrosstheBeringlandbridgetoAlaska,theYukon,andmuchofNorthAmerica.Thegrasses,broad-leavedherbs,andlowshrubsofthesteppeprovidednutritiousfood,andinadditiontomammoths,nourishedaprofusionofotheroutsize,exuberantlyhairymammalianmegafauna—woollyrhinoceroses,enormouslong-hornedbison,andbear-sizebeavers,aswellasthefearsomecarnivoresthathuntedthem:

saber-toothedcats,cavehyenas,andgiantshort-facedbears.

气候变暖减少适合的草料供应

Afteraharsh,1,500-yearcoldsnapcalledtheYoungerDryasabout13,000yearsago,theclimatebegantogetevenwarmer.Therisingtemperaturesledtoadeclineinwoollymammoths'

favoredfoods,likegrassesandwillows,andencouragedthegrowthofl