阅读中的写作 Writing from ReadingWord文件下载.docx

阅读中的写作 Writing from ReadingWord文件下载.docx

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Onceyouhavelocatedtheverb（s）inasentence,thenextstepistofindthesubject.Findingthesubjectisaseasyasaskingthequestion"

Whoorwhatisdoingthataction?

"

Justasverbshaveafewexceptionssodosubjects.Inthischapteryouwilllearnaboutprepositionalphrasesandtheirroleinasentence.Chapter1alsolooksatcomplexwordorderandhowtoidentifythesubjectsandverbsinasentencewhenthewordorderisalittleunusual.

Onceyouhavemasteredthebasicbuildingblocksofasentenceyouwillbereadytostartwritingsentencesinvariouswaysthatwillmakeyourwritinginteresting.

Chapter2:

BeyondtheSimpleSentence

Thischapterisabouthowtomovepastusingsimplebasicsentencesintousingcompoundsentences.Whensentencesarecombinedtheygiveanaturalflowandrhythmtoyourwritingthatusingallshortsentencesdoesn'

tcreate.

Compoundsentencesarecreatedthroughcoordination.Coordinationistakingtwoormoreindependentclausesandputtingthemintothesamesentenceusingeitheraconjunctionorasemicolonorboth.

Themostimportantelementtomakingcoordinatedsentencesistobecertainthatyouarejoiningtwoindependentclausesinsteadofclausesandphrases.Inadditiontostudyingtheconjunctions,youwillalsostudythepunctuationpatternsforcompoundsentences.Thischapterwillcoverthreedifferentmethodsforcombiningsentences:

usingacoordinatingconjunction,usingaconjunctiveadverb,orusingjustasemicolon.Bythetimeyouhavecompletedthischapteryoushouldbeabletowritesentencesthatvaryinginlengthsothatyourwritinghasamoreflowingstyle.

Chapter3:

AvoidingRunOnSentencesandCommaSplices

Asyourbooktellsyou,ifyouputtwoindependentclausestogetherwithoutproperpunctuation,youhavemadeanerrorcalledarun-onsentence.Anothernameforthiserrorisafusedsentence.ChapterThreeexplainstechniquesforfiguringoutifyouhavemadethiserrorinyourwriting,andifyouhave,howtofixit.ChapterThreewillreviewmuchofwhatyoulearnedinChapterTwoaboutcoordination.Run-onsaregenerallycreatedwhenyouattempttocoordinatesentencesanddon'

tusethecorrectpunctuation.Inadditiontorun-ons,youwillreviewhowtocorrectcommasplices.Commasplicesarecreatedwhenyouattempttojointwocompletesentenceswithjustacommaandnocoordinatingconjunction.

Chapter4:

BeyondtheSimpleSentence:

Subordination

Sofaryouhavestudiedhowtoputtwosentencestogetherbycoordinatingthem,thatiskeepingthemequal.ChapterFourexploressubordinationwhichisputtingsentencestogetherbyturningoneofthemintoadependentclause.Adependentclauseisstillaclause;

ithasasubjectandaverb,butdoesNOTmakesensebyitself.Adependentclausedependsonanotherindependentclauseinordertomakesense.

Dependentclausesarecreatedbyusingsubordinatingconjunctionstojointhetwosentences.Thesubordinatingconjunctioncanbeaddedateitherthebeginningofthefirstsentenceorbetweenthetwosentencesyouarejoining.Thissentencepatternofoneindependentclauseandoneormoredependentclausesiscalledacomplexsentence.Punctuatingcomplexsentencesisfairlysimple.Ifthedependentclausebeginsthesentencethenacommaisusedattheendofthedependentclause.Iftheindependentclausebeginsthesentence,thennocommaisnecessary.Usingsubordinationandcoordinationhelpsyourwritingbygivingitvarietyandinterestinthesentencestructures.

Chapter5:

CombiningSentences:

AReviewofYourOptions

AsyoulearnedinChapterTwo,sentencevarietyiscrucialtogoodwriting.Usingnothingbutshortsimplesentencesmakeswritingseemchoppy.Youlearnedtocreatesentencevarietywithcompoundsentences.ThecompoundsentenceismadethroughcoordinationusingoneofthethreemethodsofsentencecombiningcoveredinChapterTwo.Thesemethodsincludedusingacommaandacoordinatingconjunctiontojointwoindependentclauses（sentences）,usingasemicolon,usingaconjunctiveadverbwhichispunctuatedwithasemicolonandacomma.

InChapterFour,youlearnedanothermethodofcombiningsentencesusingsubordination.Subordinationchangesanindependentsentenceintoadependentclauseandjoinsthetwosentencestogethertocreateonecomplexsentence.Asentenceischangedintoadependentclausebyaddingasubordinatingconjunctiontothebeginningofoneofthesentences.Thetwosentencesarejoinedtogetherbyputtingthedependentclauseeitheratthebeginningortheendoftheindependentsentence.ChapterFivereviewsthesefiveoptionsforsentencecombiningandgivesyouthelistofallthetypesofconjunctionsinahandychart.

Chapter6:

AvoidingSentenceFragments

Asentenceisdefinedasagroupofwordscontainingasubject,averb,andacompletethought.Ifanyoftheseelementsismissing,thenthegroupofwordsisn'

tasentence.Afragmentisagroupofwordsthatispunctuatedlikeasentenceandthatistryingtofunctionasasentence,butoneofthenecessaryelementsismissing.

Thereareseveralwaystofindandcorrectfragments.Anygroupofwordsfunctioningasasentenceshouldbecheckedforthebasics.Doesithaveasubject?

Doesithaveaverb?

Doesitstartwithasubordinatingconjunctionorarelativepronounthatkeepsthethoughtfrombeingcomplete?

Iftheanswertoanyofthequestionsisno,itisafragment.

Correctingfragmentsisfairlysimpleandyouhaveseveraloptions.Forafragmentthatismissingasubjectorverb,addthemissingelement.Iftheproblemisasubordinatingconjunction,theconjunctioncanberemovedwhichwouldmakethefragmentacompletesentence.Anotheroptionistojointhefragmenttoanothersentenceeitherbeforeitorafteritintheparagraphcreatingacomplexsentence.

Nomatterhowyouchoosetocorrectthefragment,itisimportantforyoutoeliminatethemfromyourwriting.Fragmentsareconsideredtobeamajorgrammaticalerrorinwritingbecausetheyindicatethatthewriterisn'

tsurewhatasentenceis.Readerswilloftennotpayattentiontothepointawriterismakingifthereaderthinksthewriterdoesn'

tevenunderstandhowtowriteacompletesentence.

Chapter7:

UsingParrallelismInSentences

Parallelismisachievingbalanceinsentences.Whenyoupresentsimilarpointsinasentence,thosepointsshouldhavesimilarstructure.Thismeansthatifyouhavealistofadjectives,thateachwordyouuseinthelistisanadjective.Ifyouarepresentingaseriesofverbs,theverbsallusethesameformandtense.Whensentencesaren'

tparalleltheyareoftenveryawkwardanddifficulttoread.Readersshouldnotbedistractedfromthemeaningofyourwritingbecauseyoursentencesaren'

tunderstandable.

Parallelismisachievedbyfindingthelistwithinasentenceandthencheckingtoseewhattypeofstructurebestsuitsyourmeaning.Sometimesaprepositioncanintroducealistofthreeobjects;

atothertimes,eachobjectwillneeditsownpreposition.Youmakethosedecisionswhenyouevaluatethesentenceyouaretryingtomakeparallel.

Chapter8:

UsingAdjectivesandAdverbs

Adjectivesandadverbsarethewordsweusetodescribe.Adjectivesdescribenounsandpronounsandadverbsdescribeverbs,adjectives,andotheradverbs.Withoutadjectivesandadverbswewouldnothavetheabilitytodistinguishbetweensimilaritems.

Adjectivesgenerallyappearbeforethewordtheydescribe.Theycanalsoappearafterabeingverblikeis,are,was,were,am,hasbeenaswellasotherbeingverbslikefeels,looks,seems,smells,andsounds.Whenadjectivesareusedwithbeingverbstheywillfollowtheverbratherthanappearingbeforethenounorpronoun.

Adverbsdescribeverbs,adjectives,andotheradverbs.AdverbsanswerquestionslikeHow?

Howmuch?

Howoften?

When?

Where?

andWhy?

Adverbscanappeareitherbeforeorafterthewordtheydescribe.

Thereareafewadjectivesandadverbsthatcanbeconfusedsuchasgoodandwellandbadandbadly.Goodandbadareadjectives;

wellandbadlyareadverbs.Itisalsoimportantnottoconfuseadjectiveswhenyouaremakingcomparisons.Whenyouarecomparingtwoitems,youusethecomparativeforminwhichtheadjectiveendswith-erasincolderorhasthewordmoreinfrontofitasinmoreintelligent.Thesuperlativeformcomparesthreeormoreitemsanduseseither-estorthewordmosttocreateitsform.Adjectivesandadverbsareoftenusedinmakingcomparisonsbecauseadjectivesandadverbsarethetoolsweusetodistinguishoneitemfromanother.

Chapter9:

CorrectingProblemswithModifiers

Adjectives,adverbs,andprepositionalphrasesareallpartofagroupofwords,clauses,andphrasesthataremodifiers.Modifiersdescribenouns,pronouns,andverbsinasentence.Modifiershelptomakeyourwritingvivid,clear,