英语写作手册复习资料Word格式文档下载.docx

英语写作手册复习资料Word格式文档下载.docx

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Ⅱ.Capitalization[ˌkæ

pɪtəlaɪ'

zeɪʃn]（大写）

Capitalsareusedmainlyatthreeplaces:

thefirstwordsifsentences,keywordsintitles,andpropernames.

Ⅲ.WordDivision（移行）

Thegeneralprincipleistodivideawordaccordingtoitssyllablesandneverputthehyphenatthebeginningofaline.详见书P3

Ⅳ.Punctuation[ˌpʌŋktʃuˈeɪʃn]（标点）

Useaperiod（fullstop）attheendofacompletesentence,howevershortitis.

Donotuseacommatojointwocoordinateclauses;

useacommaandaconjunction,orasemicolon.

Makeyourcommasdifferentformyourperiods.Acommahasalittletail（,）;

aperiodisadot（.）,notatinycircle（。

）,whichisusedinwrittenChinese.

Useaquestionmarkattheendofadirectquestion;

donotuseoneattheendofaindirectquestion.

Usetheexclamationmarkonlyafteranemphaticinterjectionorwordsthatexpressverystrongemotion.Donotoveruseit.

Putdirectspeechbetweenquotationmarks.Thesubjectandverbthatintroduceaquotationmaybeputbefore,after,orinthemiddleofthequotation.

PartTwo

Ⅰ.LevelsofWords（Styleortypes）

Thewordsthatareoftenusedmaybedivided,fromastylisticpointofview,intothreetypes:

formal,common,andinformal.

Formalwordsmayalsobecalledlearnedwords,orliterarywords,or“big”words.Manysuchwordscontainthreesyllables.Theyareseldomusedindailyconversation,exceptforspecialpurposes.

Thepeopleusedeveryday,andappearinallkindsofwriting.Becauseofthis,theyarecalledcommonwords.

Therearewordswhicharemainlyusedininformalorfamiliarconversation.Theyseldomappearinformalwriting,andinliteraryworkstheiruseistorecordpeople’sthoughtsanddialogs['

daɪəlɒg]（会话）.TheyareusuallyshortwordsofoneortwosyllablesandmostofthemareofSaxonorigin.Wecalltheminformalwords.

Slangwordsarehighlyinformal;

theymaybevividandinteresting,buttheymay,whenusedinappropriately,makethewriterorspeakersoundoffensiveorfunny.

Ⅱ.TheMeaningofWords

Themeaningofwordhastwoaspects:

denotative[dɪ'

nəʊtətɪv]andconnotative[kə'

nəʊtətɪv].（原义和涵义）Aword’sdenotationiswhatitliterallymeans,asdefinedbythedictionary;

itsconnotationisthefellingorideasuggestedbyit.

Bigandlargearebothcommonlyusedwords,butlargeisslightlymoreformalandmaybeusedtodescribethingsthatareunusuallybig,soitismoreemphaticthanbig.Huge,whichismoreliterary[ˈlɪtərəri]（文雅）thanthesetwowords,meansextremelylarge,andismoreemphaticthanlarge.

Smallandlittleareofteninterchangeable,butthereissomedifferenceinemotionalcoloringbetweenthem.Smallisobjective（客观的）,whilelittlemayimplyafellingoffondness（主观色彩）.

Modestandhumblebothindicatealackofpride,butmodestyisavirtueandhumblenessisnot.Humbleoftenconnotesundueself-depression.Sotheyaredifferentintone:

oneislaudatory[ˈlɔ:

dətəri]（褒义词）andtheotherisderogatory[dɪˈrɔgəˌtɔ:

ri:

-ˌtəʊri:

]（贬义词）.

Ⅲ.GeneralandSpecificWords

Specificwordshelptomakewritingclear,exact,vivid,andstriking（准确）,fortheyaremoreinformative（信息量大）andexpressive（表现力强）thangeneralwords.

Ⅳ.Idioms[ˈɪdiəm]（习语、成语）

Anidiomisafixedgroupofwordswithaspecialmeaningwhichisdifferentformthemeaningsofthewordsthatformit.The“readbetweenthelines”isanidiom.

Idiomarefrequentlyusedinspeechandwriting.Theyhelptomakeone’slanguagesoundnaturalandidiomatic（地道）.

Ⅴ.FiguresofSpeech（修辞格）

1.Simile['

sɪməlɪ]（明喻/直喻）

Itisacomparisonbetweentwodistinctlydifferentthingsandthecomparisonisindicatedbythewordasorlike.

Thediscrepancy[dɪs'

krepənsɪ]（矛盾）betweenthetwothingscomparedmakestheirsimilarityallthemorestriking（显著的；

突出的）.

e.g.Heisashungryasahunter.e.g.Heisascoolascumber.

2.Metaphor[ˈmetəfə（r）]（隐喻）

Itistheuseofawordwhichoriginallydenotesonethingtorefertoanotherwithasimilarquality.Itisalsoacomparison（比较关系）,butthecomparisonisimplied,notexpressedwiththewordasorlike.

e.g.Alltheworldisastage.e.g.Hehadaveryredface.

3.Personification（拟人法）

Itistotreatathingoranideaasifitwerehumanorhadhumanqualities.

e.g.Theapplewastoosour,myteethdidn’tlikeit.e.g.Theflowerswassmiledatme.

4.Metonymy[məˈtɒnəmi]（换喻/转喻）

Itissubstitutingthenameofonethingforanotherwithwhichitiscloselyassociated.

e.g.Hehasagoodearformusic.e.g.HaveyoueverreadJackLondon?

e.g.Please，givemeahand.e.g.Hisunfriendlytonguesurprisedher.

5.Synecdoche[sɪˈnekdəki]（提喻）

Whenapartissubstitutedforthewholeorthewholeissubstitutedforapart.

Metonymyandsynecdochearesimilarasbothinvolvesubstitution.Sometimestheycanhardlybedistinguishedformmetaphor,whichinawayisalsosubstitution.

译：

换喻与提喻存有相似之处：

二者都是一种替换，有时他们隐喻与不易区分，因为后者在一种程度上也是一种替换。

e.g.Theproblemisthatweneedmorehandsnow.e.g.Hehasmanymonths（家庭成员）tofeed.

6.Euphemism[ˈju:

fəmɪzəm]（婉言/委婉法）

Itisthesubstitutionofamildorvagueexpressionforaharshorunpleasantone.

e.g.Thegirlishardhearing.e.g.Sheisinafamilyway.

7.Irony['

aɪrənɪ]（反语）

Itistheuseofwords,whichareclearlyoppositetowhatismeant,inordertoachieveaspecialeffect.好，你真能干，能干得输给我了（反语）。

搬家很是有趣?

e.g.Well,youareabeauty,you'

velostmethegame.e.g.Movinginwasfun!

8.OverstatementandUnderstatement（夸大和缩小）

Inoverstatementthedictionexaggerates（夸大）thesubject,andinunderstatementthewordsplaydownthemagnitude（程度）orvalueofthesubject.Overstatementisalsocalledhyperbole（夸张）.

Bothaimatthesameeffect:

tomakethestatementordescriptionimpressiveorinteresting.（鲜明和有趣）

e.g.Heworkedhisfingerstothebones.（他拼老命地去工作。

——夸张到“把他的手指磨损得露出了骨头”。

）

e.g.Wearenoneofusgettinganyyounger.我们都不年轻啦。

缩小

9.TransferredEpithet[ˈepɪθet]（移就/移位修饰）

Atransferredepithetisonethatisshiftedformthenounitlogicallymodifiestoawordassociatedwiththatnoun.

e.g.Sheshowedmeanappalledgesture.（她向我作了一个吃惊的手势。

）e.g.Happynewyear.

10.Oxymoron[ˌɒksɪ'

mɔ:

rɒn]（矛盾修饰法）

Inoxymoronapparentlycontradictorytermsarecombinedtoproduceaspecialeffect.

e.g.Heisacleaverfool.他是一个天生的傻瓜。

11.Alliteration[əˌlɪtəˈreɪʃn]（头韵法）

Itreferstotheappearanceofthesameinitialconsonantsoundintwoormorewords.两个或更多的词以相同的辅音字母开始，便构成头韵。

Alliterationisoftenusedinpoetrytogiveemphasistowordsthatarerelatedinmeaning.如:

e.g.Withoutrhymeorreason.毫无理由blackandblue鼻青脸肿e.g.Hewilljointheproject,heartandhand.他会满腔热情地参加这项计划。

PartThree

TheSentence

Ⅰ.CompleteSentencesandSentenceFragment（完整句和不完整句）

Agrammaticallycompletesentenceisonethatcontainsatleastasubjectandapredicate（orfinite）verb;

iftheverbistransitive,thesemustbeanobject;

iftheverbisalink-verb,theremustbeapredicativeorcomplement.

像“Havedoneit”“Raining,”and“Howtouseit”为SentenceFragment（不完整句）

Acompletesentencebeginswithacapitalletterandendswithaperiod.Theuseofacommafaultinplaceofaperiod,asemicolon,acolon,oradashinEnglishwritingiscalledthecommafault.

Ⅱ.TypesofSentences

1.Declarative,Interrogative,imperative,ExclamatorySentences

[dɪˈklæ

rətɪv]陈述句[ˌɪntəˈrɒgətɪv]疑问句[ɪm'

perətɪv]祈使句[ɪkˈsklæ

mətri]感叹句

Accordingtotheiruse,sentencesaredeclarative,interrogative,imperative,orexclamatory.Adeclarativesentencemakesanassertionorastatement.Aninterrogativesentenceasksaquestion.Animperativesentenceexpressesacommandorarequest.Anexclamatorysentenceexpressesastrongfellingoremotion,suchassurprise,pain,orjoy.

2.Simple,Compound,Complex,andCompound-ComplexSentences

简单句并列句复合句并列复合句

Accordingtotheirstructure,sentencesaresimple,compound,complex,orcompound-complex.

Asimplesentencehasonlyonesubjectandonepredicate-verb,butitmaycontainmorethanoneobject,attributeormoreadverbial.

Acompoundsentenceconsistsoftwoormoreindependentclauses（orsimplesentences）relatedtoeachotherinmeaning,andlinkedbyacoordinatingconjunction（and,but,or,etc.）orbyasemicolonwithoutaconjunction.Coordinatedideasshouldbecompatibleandroughlyequalinimportance,ortakeshapeonebyoneinorderlysequence.

Acomplexsentencecontainsonemain（orprincipal）clauseandoneormoredependent（orsubordinate）clause,withaconnectiveworddenotingtherelationbetweenthetwoparts.Thedependentclausemayplaythepartofasubject,anobject,apredicative,anattribute,oranadverbialinthemainclause.Asarule,themajorideaisexpressedinthemainclauseandtheideaorideasoflesserimportanceinthesubordinateclauses.（从句）

Acompound-complexsentencecontainsatleasttwomainclausesa