全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题阅读部分Word格式.docx
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Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANAWERSHEET1(40points)
Text1
WildBillDonovanwouldhavelovedtheInternet.TheAmericanspymasterwhobuilttheOfficeofStrategicServicesintheWorldWarIIandlaterlaidtherootsfortheCIAwasfascinatedwithinformation.Donovanbelievedinusingwhatevertoolscametohandinthe“greatgame”ofespionage—spyingasa“profession”.ThesedaystheNet,whichhasalreadyremadepastimesasbuyingbooksandsendingmail,isreshapingDonovansvocationaswell.
Thelastrevolutionisntsimplyamatterofgentlemenreadingothergentlemensemail.Thatkindofelectronicspyinghasbeengoingonfordecades.Inthepastthreeorfouryears,theworldwidewebhasgivenbirthtoawholeindustryofpointandclickspying.Thespookscallit“opensourceintelligence”,andastheNetgrows,itisbecomingincreasinglyinfluential.In1995theCIAheldacontesttoseewhocouldcompilethemostdataaboutBurundi.Thewinner,byalargemargin,wasatinyVirginiacompanycalledOpenSourceSolutions,whoseclearadvantagewasitsmasteryoftheelectronicworld.
AmongthefirmsmakingthebiggestsplashinthenewworldisStraitford,Inc.,aprivateintelligenceanalysisfirmbasedinAustin,Texas.Straitfordmakesmoneybysellingtheresultsofspying(coveringnationsfromChiletoRussia)tocorporationslikeenergyservicesfirmMcDermottInternational.Manyofitspredictionsareavailableonlineat.
StraiffordpresidentGeorgeFriedmansaysheseestheonlineworldasakindofmutuallyreinforcingtoolforbothinformationcollectionanddistribution,aspymastersdream.LastweekhisfirmwasbusyvacuumingupdatabitsfromthefarcornersoftheworldandpredictingacrisisinUkraine.“Assoonasthatreportruns,wellsuddenlyget500newinternetsignupsfromUkraine,”saysFriedman,aformerpoliticalscienceprofessor.“Andwellhearbackfromsomeofthem.”Opensourcespyingdoeshaveitsrisks,ofcourse,sinceitcanbedifficulttotellgoodinformationfrombad.ThatswhereStraitfordearnsitskeep.
FriedmanreliesonaleanstaffinAustin.Severalofhisstaffmembershavemilitaryintelligencebackgrounds.Heseesthefirmsoutsiderstatusasthekeytoitssuccess.StraitfordsbriefsdontsoundliketheusualWashingtonbackandforthing,wherebyagenciesavoiddramaticdeclarationsonthechancetheymightbewrong.Straitford,saysFriedman,takesprideinitsindependentvoice.
41.TheemergenceoftheNethas
A.receivedsupportfromfanslikeDonovan.B.remoldedtheintelligenceservices.
C.restoredmanycommonpastimes.D.revivedspyingasaprofession.
42.Donovansstoryismentionedinthetextto
A.introducethetopicofonlinespying.B.showhowhefoughtfortheU.S.
C.giveanepisodeoftheinformationwar. D.honorhisuniqueservicestotheCIA.
43.Thephrase“makingthebiggestsplash”(line1,paragraph3)mostprobablymeans
A.causingthebiggesttrouble.B.exertingthegreatesteffort.
C.achievingthegreatestsuccess. D.enjoyingthewidestpopularity.
44.Itcanbelearnedfromparagraph4that
A.StraitfordspredictionaboutUkrainehasprovedtrue.
B.Straitfordguaranteesthetruthfulnessofitsinformation.
C.Straitfordsbusinessischaracterizedbyunpredictability.
D.Straitfordisabletoprovidefairlyreliableinformation.
45.Straitfordismostproudofits
A.officialstatus. B.nonconformistimage.
C.efficientstaff.D.militarybackground.
Text2
Toparaphrase18thcenturystatesmanEdmundBurke,“allthatisneededforthetriumphofamisguidedcauseisthatgoodpeopledonothing.”Onesuchcausenowseekstoendbiomedicalresearchbecauseofthetheorythatanimalshaverightsrulingouttheiruseinresearch.Scientistsneedtorespondforcefullytoanimalrightsadvocates,whoseargumentsareconfusingthepublicandtherebythreateningadvancesinhealthknowledgeandcare.Leadersoftheanimalrightsmovementtargetbiomedicalresearchbecauseitdependsonpublicfunding,andfewpeopleunderstandtheprocessofhealthcareresearch.Hearingallegationsofcrueltytoanimalsinresearchsettings,manyareperplexedthatanyonewoulddeliberatelyharmananimal.
Forexample,agrandmotherlywomanstaffingananimalrightsboothatarecentstreetfairwasdistributingabrochurethatencouragedreadersnottouseanythingthatopposedimmunizations,shewantedtoknowifvaccinescomefromanimalresearch.Whenassuredthattheydo,shereplied,“ThenIwouldhavetosayyes.”Askedwhatwillhappenwhenepidemicsreturn,shesaid,“Dontworry,scientistswillfindsomewayofusingcomputers.”Suchwellmeaningpeoplejustdonsunderstand.
Scientistsmustcommunicatetheirmessagetothepublicinacompassionate,understandablewayinhumanterms,notinthelanguageofmolecularbiology.Weneedtomakecleartheconnectionbetweenanimalresearchandagrandmothershipreplacement,afathersbypassoperation,ababysvaccinations,andevenapetsshots.Tothosewhoareunawarethatanimalresearchwasneededtoproducethesetreatments,aswellasnewtreatmentsandvaccines,animalresearchseemswastefulatbestandcruelatworst.
Muchcanbedone.Scientistscould“adopt”middleschoolclassesandpresenttheirownresearch.Theyshouldbequicktorespondtoletterstotheeditor,lestanimalrightsmisinformationgounchallengedandacquireadeceptiveappearanceoftruth.Researchinstitutionscouldbeopenedtotours,toshowthatlaboratoryanimalsreceivehumanecare.Finally,becausetheultimatestakeholdersarepatients,thehealthresearchcommunityshouldactivelyrecruittoitscausenotonlywellknownpersonalitiessuchasStephenCooper,whohasmadecourageousstatementsaboutthevalueofanimalresearch,butallwhoreceivemedicaltreatment.Ifgoodpeopledonothingthereisarealpossibilitythatanuninformedcitizenrywillextinguishthepreciousembersofmedicalprogress.
46.TheauthorbeginshisarticlewithEdmundBurkeswordsto
A.callonscientiststotakesomeactions.
B.criticizethemisguidedcauseofanimalrights.
C.warnofthedoomofbiomedicalresearch.
D.showthetriumphoftheanimalrightsmovement.
47.Misledpeopletendtothinkthatusingananimalinresearchis
A.cruelbutnatural.B.inhumanandunacceptable.
C.inevitablebutvicious. D.pointlessandwasteful.
48.Theexampleofthegrandmotherlywomanisusedtoshowthepublics
A.discontentwithanimalresearch. B.ignoranceaboutmedicalscience.
C.indifferencetoepidemics. D.anxietyaboutanimalrights.
49.Theauthorbelievesthat,infaceofthechallengefromanimalrightsadvocates,scientistsshould
A.communicatemorewiththepublic. B.employhitechmeansinresearch.
C.feelnoshamefortheircause.D.strivetodevelopnewcures.
50.FromthetextwelearnthatStephenCooperis
A.awellknownhumanist. B.amedicalpractitioner.
C.anenthusiastinanimalrights.D.asupporterofanimalresearch.
Text3
Inrecentyears,railroadshavebeencombiningwitheachother,mergingintosupersystems,causingheightenedconcernsaboutmonopoly.Asrecentlyas1995,thetopfourrailroadsaccountedforunder70percentofthetotaltonmilesmovedbyrails.Nextyear,afteraseriesofmergersiscompleted,justfourrailroadswillcontrolwellover90percentofallthefreightmovedbymajorrailcarriers.
Supportersofthenewsupersystemsarguethatthesemergerswillallowforsubstantialcostreductionsandbettercoordinatedservice.Anythreatofmonopoly,theyargue,isremovedbyfiercecompetitionfromtrucks.Butmanyshipperscomplainthatforheavybulkcommoditiestravelinglongdistances,suchascoal,chemicals,andgrain,truckingistoocostlyandtherailroadsthereforehavethembythethroat.
Thevastconsolidationwithintherailindustrymeansthatmostshippersareservedbyonlyonerailcompany.Railroadstypicallychargesuch“captive”shippers20to30percentmorethantheydowhenanotherrailroadiscompetingforthebusiness.ShipperswhofeeltheyarebeingoverchargedhavetherighttoappealtothefederalgovernmentsSurfaceTransportationBoardforraterelief,buttheprocessisexpensive,timeconsuming,andwillworkonlyintrulyextremecases.
Railroadsjustifyratediscriminationagainstcaptiveshippersonthegroundsthatinthelongrunitreduceseveryonescost.Ifrailroadschargedallcustomersthesameaveragerate,theyargue,shipperswhohavetheoptionofswitchingtotrucksorotherformsoftransportationwoulddoso,leavingremainingcustomerstoshoulderthecostofkeepinguptheline.Itstheorytowhichmanyeconomistssubscribe,butinpracticeitoftenleavesrailroadsinthepositionofdeterminingwhichcompanieswillflourishandwhichwillfail.“Dowereallywantrailroadstobethearbitersofwhowinsandwholosesinthemarketplace?
”asksMartinBercovici,aWashingtonlawyerwhofrequentlyrepresentsshipper.
Manycaptiveshippersalsoworrytheywillsoonbehitwitharoundofhugerateincreases.Therailroadindustryasawhole,despiteitsbrighteningfortuningfortunes,stilldoesnotearnenoughtocoverthecostofthecapitalitmustinvesttokeepupwithitssurgingtraffic.Yetrailroadscontinuetoborrowbillionstoacquireoneanother,withWallStreetcheeringthemon.Considerthe10.2billionbidbyNorfolkSouthernandCSXtoacquireConrailthisyear.Conrailsnetrailwayope