全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题阅读部分Word格式.docx

全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题阅读部分Word格式.docx

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Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANAWERSHEET1（40points）

　　Text1

　　WildBillDonovanwouldhavelovedtheInternet.TheAmericanspymasterwhobuilttheOfficeofStrategicServicesintheWorldWarIIandlaterlaidtherootsfortheCIAwasfascinatedwithinformation.Donovanbelievedinusingwhatevertoolscametohandinthe“greatgame”ofespionage—spyingasa“profession”.ThesedaystheNet,whichhasalreadyremadepastimesasbuyingbooksandsendingmail,isreshapingDonovansvocationaswell.

　　Thelastrevolutionisntsimplyamatterofgentlemenreadingothergentlemensemail.Thatkindofelectronicspyinghasbeengoingonfordecades.Inthepastthreeorfouryears,theworldwidewebhasgivenbirthtoawholeindustryofpointandclickspying.Thespookscallit“opensourceintelligence”,andastheNetgrows,itisbecomingincreasinglyinfluential.In1995theCIAheldacontesttoseewhocouldcompilethemostdataaboutBurundi.Thewinner,byalargemargin,wasatinyVirginiacompanycalledOpenSourceSolutions，whoseclearadvantagewasitsmasteryoftheelectronicworld.

　　AmongthefirmsmakingthebiggestsplashinthenewworldisStraitford,Inc.,aprivateintelligenceanalysisfirmbasedinAustin,Texas.Straitfordmakesmoneybysellingtheresultsofspying（coveringnationsfromChiletoRussia）tocorporationslikeenergyservicesfirmMcDermottInternational.Manyofitspredictionsareavailableonlineat.

　　StraiffordpresidentGeorgeFriedmansaysheseestheonlineworldasakindofmutuallyreinforcingtoolforbothinformationcollectionanddistribution,aspymastersdream.LastweekhisfirmwasbusyvacuumingupdatabitsfromthefarcornersoftheworldandpredictingacrisisinUkraine.“Assoonasthatreportruns,wellsuddenlyget500newinternetsignupsfromUkraine,”saysFriedman,aformerpoliticalscienceprofessor.“Andwellhearbackfromsomeofthem.”Opensourcespyingdoeshaveitsrisks,ofcourse,sinceitcanbedifficulttotellgoodinformationfrombad.ThatswhereStraitfordearnsitskeep.

　　FriedmanreliesonaleanstaffinAustin.Severalofhisstaffmembershavemilitaryintelligencebackgrounds.Heseesthefirmsoutsiderstatusasthekeytoitssuccess.StraitfordsbriefsdontsoundliketheusualWashingtonbackandforthing,wherebyagenciesavoiddramaticdeclarationsonthechancetheymightbewrong.Straitford,saysFriedman,takesprideinitsindependentvoice.

　　41.TheemergenceoftheNethas

　　A.receivedsupportfromfanslikeDonovan.B.remoldedtheintelligenceservices.

　　C.restoredmanycommonpastimes.D.revivedspyingasaprofession.

　　42.Donovansstoryismentionedinthetextto

　　A.introducethetopicofonlinespying.B.showhowhefoughtfortheU.S.

　　C.giveanepisodeoftheinformationwar.　D.honorhisuniqueservicestotheCIA.

　　43.Thephrase“makingthebiggestsplash”（line1,paragraph3）mostprobablymeans

　　A.causingthebiggesttrouble.B.exertingthegreatesteffort.

　　C.achievingthegreatestsuccess.　D.enjoyingthewidestpopularity.

　　44.Itcanbelearnedfromparagraph4that

　　A.StraitfordspredictionaboutUkrainehasprovedtrue.

　　B.Straitfordguaranteesthetruthfulnessofitsinformation.

　　C.Straitfordsbusinessischaracterizedbyunpredictability.

　　D.Straitfordisabletoprovidefairlyreliableinformation.

　　45.Straitfordismostproudofits

　　A.officialstatus.　　B.nonconformistimage.

　　C.efficientstaff.D.militarybackground.

　　Text2

　　Toparaphrase18thcenturystatesmanEdmundBurke,“allthatisneededforthetriumphofamisguidedcauseisthatgoodpeopledonothing.”Onesuchcausenowseekstoendbiomedicalresearchbecauseofthetheorythatanimalshaverightsrulingouttheiruseinresearch.Scientistsneedtorespondforcefullytoanimalrightsadvocates,whoseargumentsareconfusingthepublicandtherebythreateningadvancesinhealthknowledgeandcare.Leadersoftheanimalrightsmovementtargetbiomedicalresearchbecauseitdependsonpublicfunding,andfewpeopleunderstandtheprocessofhealthcareresearch.Hearingallegationsofcrueltytoanimalsinresearchsettings,manyareperplexedthatanyonewoulddeliberatelyharmananimal.

　　Forexample,agrandmotherlywomanstaffingananimalrightsboothatarecentstreetfairwasdistributingabrochurethatencouragedreadersnottouseanythingthatopposedimmunizations,shewantedtoknowifvaccinescomefromanimalresearch.Whenassuredthattheydo,shereplied,“ThenIwouldhavetosayyes.”Askedwhatwillhappenwhenepidemicsreturn,shesaid,“Dontworry,scientistswillfindsomewayofusingcomputers.”Suchwellmeaningpeoplejustdonsunderstand.

　　Scientistsmustcommunicatetheirmessagetothepublicinacompassionate,understandablewayinhumanterms,notinthelanguageofmolecularbiology.Weneedtomakecleartheconnectionbetweenanimalresearchandagrandmothershipreplacement,afathersbypassoperation,ababysvaccinations,andevenapetsshots.Tothosewhoareunawarethatanimalresearchwasneededtoproducethesetreatments,aswellasnewtreatmentsandvaccines,animalresearchseemswastefulatbestandcruelatworst.

　　Muchcanbedone.Scientistscould“adopt”middleschoolclassesandpresenttheirownresearch.Theyshouldbequicktorespondtoletterstotheeditor,lestanimalrightsmisinformationgounchallengedandacquireadeceptiveappearanceoftruth.Researchinstitutionscouldbeopenedtotours,toshowthatlaboratoryanimalsreceivehumanecare.Finally,becausetheultimatestakeholdersarepatients,thehealthresearchcommunityshouldactivelyrecruittoitscausenotonlywellknownpersonalitiessuchasStephenCooper,whohasmadecourageousstatementsaboutthevalueofanimalresearch,butallwhoreceivemedicaltreatment.Ifgoodpeopledonothingthereisarealpossibilitythatanuninformedcitizenrywillextinguishthepreciousembersofmedicalprogress.

　　46.TheauthorbeginshisarticlewithEdmundBurkeswordsto

　　A.callonscientiststotakesomeactions.

　　B.criticizethemisguidedcauseofanimalrights.

　　C.warnofthedoomofbiomedicalresearch.

　　D.showthetriumphoftheanimalrightsmovement.

　　47.Misledpeopletendtothinkthatusingananimalinresearchis

　　A.cruelbutnatural.B.inhumanandunacceptable.

　　C.inevitablebutvicious.　　D.pointlessandwasteful.

　　48.Theexampleofthegrandmotherlywomanisusedtoshowthepublics

　　A.discontentwithanimalresearch.　B.ignoranceaboutmedicalscience.

　　C.indifferencetoepidemics.　D.anxietyaboutanimalrights.

　　49.Theauthorbelievesthat,infaceofthechallengefromanimalrightsadvocates,scientistsshould

　　A.communicatemorewiththepublic.　B.employhitechmeansinresearch.

　　C.feelnoshamefortheircause.D.strivetodevelopnewcures.

　　50.FromthetextwelearnthatStephenCooperis

　　A.awellknownhumanist.　B.amedicalpractitioner.

　　C.anenthusiastinanimalrights.D.asupporterofanimalresearch.

　　Text3

　　Inrecentyears,railroadshavebeencombiningwitheachother,mergingintosupersystems,causingheightenedconcernsaboutmonopoly.Asrecentlyas1995,thetopfourrailroadsaccountedforunder70percentofthetotaltonmilesmovedbyrails.Nextyear,afteraseriesofmergersiscompleted,justfourrailroadswillcontrolwellover90percentofallthefreightmovedbymajorrailcarriers.

　　Supportersofthenewsupersystemsarguethatthesemergerswillallowforsubstantialcostreductionsandbettercoordinatedservice.Anythreatofmonopoly,theyargue,isremovedbyfiercecompetitionfromtrucks.Butmanyshipperscomplainthatforheavybulkcommoditiestravelinglongdistances,suchascoal,chemicals,andgrain,truckingistoocostlyandtherailroadsthereforehavethembythethroat.

　　Thevastconsolidationwithintherailindustrymeansthatmostshippersareservedbyonlyonerailcompany.Railroadstypicallychargesuch“captive”shippers20to30percentmorethantheydowhenanotherrailroadiscompetingforthebusiness.ShipperswhofeeltheyarebeingoverchargedhavetherighttoappealtothefederalgovernmentsSurfaceTransportationBoardforraterelief,buttheprocessisexpensive,timeconsuming,andwillworkonlyintrulyextremecases.

　　Railroadsjustifyratediscriminationagainstcaptiveshippersonthegroundsthatinthelongrunitreduceseveryonescost.Ifrailroadschargedallcustomersthesameaveragerate,theyargue,shipperswhohavetheoptionofswitchingtotrucksorotherformsoftransportationwoulddoso,leavingremainingcustomerstoshoulderthecostofkeepinguptheline.Itstheorytowhichmanyeconomistssubscribe,butinpracticeitoftenleavesrailroadsinthepositionofdeterminingwhichcompanieswillflourishandwhichwillfail.“Dowereallywantrailroadstobethearbitersofwhowinsandwholosesinthemarketplace?

”asksMartinBercovici,aWashingtonlawyerwhofrequentlyrepresentsshipper.

　　Manycaptiveshippersalsoworrytheywillsoonbehitwitharoundofhugerateincreases.Therailroadindustryasawhole,despiteitsbrighteningfortuningfortunes,stilldoesnotearnenoughtocoverthecostofthecapitalitmustinvesttokeepupwithitssurgingtraffic.Yetrailroadscontinuetoborrowbillionstoacquireoneanother,withWallStreetcheeringthemon.Considerthe10.2billionbidbyNorfolkSouthernandCSXtoacquireConrailthisyear.Conrailsnetrailwayope