完整版考研英美文学名词解释Word文档格式.docx
《完整版考研英美文学名词解释Word文档格式.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《完整版考研英美文学名词解释Word文档格式.docx(22页珍藏版)》请在冰豆网上搜索。
寓言:
用诗歌或散文讲的故事,在这个故事中人物、事件或背景往往代表抽象的概念或道德品质。
所有的寓言都是一个具有双重意义、文学内涵或象征意义的故事.
3.Alliteration(头韵)
Itistherepetitionofthesameinitialconsonantsoundwithinalineoragroupofwordsinpoetry。
InOldEnglishalliterativemeter,alliterationistheprincipalorganizingdeviceoftheverseline,suchasinBeowulf。
头韵:
在一组词的开头或重读音节中对相同辅音或不同元音的重复。
4.Allusion:
Areferencetoaperson,aplace,anevent,oraliteraryworkthatawriterexpectsthereadertorecognizeandrespondto。
Anallusionmaybedrawnfromhistory,geography,literature,orreligion.
典故:
文学作品中作家希望读者能够认识或做出反应的一个人物、地点、事件或文学作品.典故或来自历史、地理、文学或宗教。
5。
AmericanNaturalism(美国自然主义)
TheAmericannaturalismacceptedthemorenegativeinterpretationofDarwin'
sevolutionarytheoryandusedittoaccountforthebehaviorofthosecharactersinliteraryworkswhowereregardedasmoreorlesscomplexcombinationsofinheritedattributes,theirhabitswereconditionedbysocialandeconomicforces.Americannaturalismwasevolvedfromrealismwhentheauthor’stoneinwritingbecamelessseriousandlesssympatheticbutmoreironicandmorepessimistic.Itwasnomorethanagloomyphilosophicalapproachtoreality,ortohumanexistence.Dreiserwasaleadingfigureofthisschool.
6。
AmericanPuritanism(美国清教主义)
PuritanismisthepracticesandbeliefsofthePuritans.TheAmericanpuritans,liketheirEnglishbrothers,areidealists。
Theyacceptedthedoctrineofpredestination,originalsinandtotaldepravity,andlimitedatonementthroughaspecialinfusionofgraceformGod.Butduetothegrimstruggleforlivinginthenewcontinent,theybecomemoreandmorepractical.Americanpuritanismissomuchapartofthenationalatmosphereratherthatasetoftenets.
美国清教主义:
他们相信宿命论、原罪说、全体堕落和有限的赎罪。
7。
AmericanRealism(美国现实主义)
InAmericanliterature,theCivilWarbroughttheRomanticPeriodtoanend。
TheAgeofRealismcameintoexistence.GeorgeEliotintroducerealismintoEngland,andWilliamDeanHowellsintroduceditintotheUnitedStates。
Itcameasareactionagainstthelieofromanticismandsentimentalism。
Realismturnedfromanemphasisonthestrangetowardafaithfulrenderingoftheordinary,asliceoflifeasitisreallylived.Ithasbeenchieflyconcernedwiththecommonplacesofeverydaylifeamongthemiddleandlowerclasses,anditoffersanobjectiveratherthananidealisticviewofhumannatureandhumanexperience。
Realisticliteraturefindsthedramaandtensionbeneaththesurfaceofordinarylife。
Later,manywriters,notablyHenryJames,turnedtopsychologicalrealismthatcloselyexaminedthecomplexworkingsofthemind。
美国现实主义:
在美国文学史上,内战宣告了浪漫主义的终结和现实主义的开始。
现实主义反对浪漫主义和感伤主义的谎言,它从一个陌生的世界转向了普通人的真实生活的描写。
它所关心的是普通的下层劳动人民而非理想中的人类本性和现实经历.
8。
AmericanRomanticism(美国浪漫主义)
TheRomanticPeriodcoversthefirsthalfofthe19thcentury。
ArisingAmericawithitsidealsofdemocracyandequality,theboomingeconomy,theflourishingpublications,andavarietyofforeigninfluencesmadeitsliteraryexpansionpossibleandinevitable.Romanticssharedsomecharacteristics:
moralenthusiasm,individualityandintuitiveperception.IrvingplayedanimportantroleininspiringAmericanromanticismwithhismasterpiecesRipVanWinkleandTheLegendofSleepyHollow。
Americanromanticismculminatedaroundthe1840s,whichcanbecalled“TranscendentalismorAmericanRenaissance"
。
OneofthemajorfigureinthisperiodwasEmerson。
HisNaturehadbeencalled“themanifestoofAmericanTranscendentalism”。
Inthepoetryaspect,WhitmanandDicksonweretwomajorAmericanpoetsinthisperiod.Inthenovelaspect,HawthorneandMelvillebelongedtoanothertypeofromanticism。
Theyplacedincreasingvalueonthefreeexpressiononemotionandthepsychicstatesoftheircharacters。
TheNewEnglandpoets,suchasLongfellowandBryantformedadifferentschoolfromWhitman,Dickson,ThoreauandPoe。
9。
AngryYoungMen(愤怒的青年)
TheAngryYoungMenisajournalisticcatchphraseappliedtoanumberofBritishplaywrightsandnovelistsfromthemid-1950s。
Theirworksmainlyexpressthebitternessofthelowerclassestowardstheestablishedsociopoliticalsystemandtowardsthemediocrityandhypocrisyofthemiddleandupperclasses.TheplaywrightJohnOsbornewasthearchetypalexampleoftheseangryyoungmenwithhissignatureplayLookBackinAngerin1956。
10.Antagonist(反面人物):
Apersonorforceopposingtheprotagonistinanarrative;
arivaloftheheroorheroine。
反面人物:
一个故事中和主人公相对立的人物或一种力量,是男女主人公的对手。
11.AmericanTranscendentalism(美国超验主义)
AmericanTranscendentalismismorethananattitudeoftranscendentalists。
To“transcend”somethingistoriseaboveit,topassbeyonditslimits。
ThetranscendentalistsspeakforculturalrejuvenationandagainstthematerialismofAmericansociety。
ThemajorfeaturesofAmericanTranscendentalismare:
1。
Transcendentalistsplaceemphasisonspirit,ortheOversoul,asthemostimportantthingintheUniverse。
2.Theystresstheimportanceoftheindividual。
Tothem,theindividualwasthemostimportantelementofsociety.3.TheyofferafreshperceptionofnatureassymbolicoftheSpiritorGod。
Naturewas,tothem,alive,filledwithGod'
soverwhelmingpresence。
12.Aphorism(警句)
Aconcise,pointedstatementexpressingawiseorcleverobservationaboutlife.
警句:
蕴含关于人生真理的明智的看法的精练的语句。
13.Aside(旁白)
Indrama,linesspokenbyacharacterinanundertoneordirectlytotheaudienceand.Anasideissupposedlynotheardbyotheractorsonstage。
14。
Assonance(类韵)
Therepetitionofsimilarvowelsounds,especiallyinpoetry.Assonanceisoftenemployedtopleasetheearoremphasizecertainsounds.
类韵:
在诗歌中相同或相似元音的重复,它的目的主要是用来使句子悦耳动听或用来强调某个音。
15。
Autobiography(自传)
Theliteraryformofautobiographyisaperson’saccountofhisorherownlife。
Anautobiographyisgenerallywritteninnarrativeformandincludessomeintrospection,suchasTheAutobiographywrittenbyBenjaminFranklin。
自传:
一个人对他或她自己生活的描述,自传是一种叙述性的文体,多包含回忆性的描写。
16。
Ballad(民谣)
Itisarelativelyshortnarrativepoem,writtentobesung,withasimpleanddramaticaction。
Theballadstelloflove,death,thesupernatural,oracombinationofthese。
Twocharacteristicsoftheballadareincrementalrepetitionandtheballadstanza.Incrementalrepetitionrepeatsoneormorelineswithsmallbutsignificantvariationsthatadvancetheaction。
Theballadstanzahasfourline;
commonly,thefirstandthirdlinescontainfourfeetoraccents,thesecondandfourthlinescontainthreefeet。
Balladoftenopenabruptly,presentbriefdescriptionsanduseconcisedialogues。
Thefolkballadisusuallyanonymousandthepresentationisimpersonal.Theliteraryballaddeliberatelyimitatestheformandspiritofafolkballad。
TheRomanticpoetswereattractedtothisform,asLongfellowwithTheWreckoftheHesperus,ColeridgewithTheRimeoftheAncientMarine,whichislongerandmoreelaboratethanthefolkballad.
17。
BalladStanza(民谣诗节)
Atypeoffour-linestanza,thefirstandthethirdlineshavefourstressedwordsorsyllables;
thesecondandfourthlineshavethreestresses.
18。
BeatGeneration(垮掉的一代)
TheBeatGenerationreferstoaloosely—knitgroupofpoetsandnovelists,writinginthesecondhalfofthee1950sandearly1960s。
Theysharedasetofsocialattitudes——anti—establishment,anti—political,anti—intellectual,opposetotheprevailingcultural,literary,andmoralvalues,andwereinfavorofunfetteredself-realizationandself-expression.RepresentativesofthegroupwereAllenGinsbergwithhislongpoemHowlandJackKerouacwithhisOntheRoad。
19.Bildungsroman(成长小说)
Bildungsromandefinesagenreofthenovelwhichfocusesonthepsychologicalandmoralgrowthoftheprotagonistfromyouthtoadulthood,andinwhichcharacters'
changeisthusextremelyimportant。
InaBildungsroman,thegoalismaturity.CharlesDickens’DavidCopperfieldisaclassicalBildungsroman。
20.Biography(传记)
Adetailedaccountofaperson‘slifewrittenbyanotherperson。
传记:
由他人篆写的关于某人生平的详细记录。
21.Blackcomedy/Blackhumor(黑色幽默)
Itismostlyemployedtodescribebaleful,naive,orineptcharactersinafantasticornightmarishmodernworldplayingouttheirrolesinwhatIonescocalleda“tragicfarce”,inwhichtheevetsareoftensimultaneouslycomic,horrifying,andabsurd。
JosephHeller’sCatch-22canbetakenasanexampleoftheemploymentofthistechnique.
22.BlackMountainPoets(黑山派诗人)
Itissometimescalledprojectivepoets(投射诗人),agroupofthemid—20thcenturyAmericanavant-gardeorpostmodernpoetscenteringonBlackMountainCollege。
IntheessayProjectiveVerse,CharlesOlsoncalls“forpoetryofopenfield”compositiontoreplacetraditionalclosedpoeticformswithanimprovisedformthatshouldreflectexactlythecontentofthepoem。
ThisessaybecamethemanifestofortheBlackMountainPoets.
23.Blank