四级英语作文辅导材料文档格式.docx
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PartFiveAListofMostCommonlyEmployed
SentencePatterns30…….32
CompiledbyTheFirstSectionofTeachingandResearch,DepartmentofCollegeEnglishTeaching&
Studies,QingdaoUniversity
PartOneBriefIntroductiontoCollegeEnglishWriting
I.FormatandGeneralRequirementsofCollegeEnglishWriting
1.FormatofCollegeEnglishWriting
ItisstipulatedinCollegeEnglishCurriculumRequirements(《大学英语课程教学要求》)thatcollegestudentsshouldbeabletowritewithin30minutesashortcompositionof120wordsonageneraltopicoranoutline.Thecompositionshouldbebasicallycompleteincontent,appropriateindictionandcoherentindiscourse.
Moreoftenthannot,collegestudentsareexpectedtowritecompositionsbasedontopicsentences,outlinesgiveninChinese,keywords,visualaidsorgivensituations.Accordingly,itisnormallyofgreathelptodecideonwhatstyle(narration,exposition,descriptionorargumentation)tobeemployedtodevelopthewholeessay,andthentodeterminethecontrollingideacontainedineachofthetopicsentences/Chineseoutlines,ortostatethecontrollingideaattheverybeginningofeachparagraphinrespectofwritingbasedonkeywords,visualaidsorgivensituations.
2.GeneralRequirementsofCollegeEnglishWriting
Unity(一致性)andcoherence(连贯)aretwoimportantgeneralrequirementsofcollegeEnglishwriting.
Unityisachievedbyascertainingthateachsentenceintheparagraphisrelevanttothetopicsentence,thatis,eachsentenceshouldbeafurtherdevelopmentofthetopicsentence.Atthesametime,thestudentwritermustbepositivethateachofthe3paragraphsisconnectedwitheachotherinformaswellasinmeaningorcontent.
Coherenceisthelogicalconnectionofthesentencesinaparagraphandtheparagraphsinacompositiontoeachother.Coherencecanbeachievedthroughavarietyoftechniques,suchastheemploymentoftransitionalwords/linkwords/connectors(过渡词语),repetitionofkeywords,consistentuseofthesamepointofview,properpronounreference,logicalorganizationoftheinformationandargumentsinaparagraphandbetweenparagraphs.Thestudentwritermustbecertainthatthereisappropriatetransitionfromonesentenceoroneparagraphtothenext.
Inordertomaketheparagraphmoreinterestingandvivid,itisagoodideatousesentencevariety.Aneffectivewaytodothisistovarythegrammaticalstructuresofsentencestoavoidmonotony.Differentstructuresnotonlyconveydistinctshadesofmeaning,butalsogiveacompositionanattractiveatmosphere.
II.FormofGoodWriting
Itisgenerallyassumedthatawell-writtenparagraphcontainsatopicsentence,developing/supportingsentencesandaconcludingsentenceifnecessary.
Belowisanexampletoshowtheprocessofwritingaparagraph.Supposethatyouarerequiredtowriteaparagraphonthetopic“Ridingabicycleisbetterthanridingamotorcycle”.Itisadvisableforyoutogothroughthefollowingproceduresbeforewritingtheparagraphproper.
Step1.Determinethewritingstyle—argumentation
Step2.Seekoutthecontrollingidea—better
Step3.Collectsomeconvincingfactsaboutorargumentsforthecontrollingidea—inexpensivetobuy,easymaintenance,goodforhealth,nonpolluting,safer,etc.
Step4.Listdetailsaboutsomeofthefactsorargumentsthatwillinterestyouraudience,e.g.,health—moreexercises,lesspollution
Step5.Outlinetheparagraph.
Topicsentence:
Ridingabicycleisbetterthanridingamotorcycle.
Developingsentences:
A.Itisrelativelyinexpensive
1.tobuy
2.tooperate
B.Itismorehealthful.
1.moreexercises
2.lesspollution
C.Itispersonallysatisfying.
1.enjoythescenery
2.becomepartofthenature
Step6.Writetheparagraphbyusingthedetailsyouhavejustlisted.
Ridingabicycleisbetterthanridingamotorcycle.Firstofall,abicycleisrelativelyinexpensivetobuyandtomaintain.WhileamotorcyclemaycostthousandsofYuantobuyandhundredsofYuanannuallyformaintenance,agoodbicyclewillonlycosttwohundredYuanorso,anditsannualmaintenancecostisverysmall.Bikingisalsohealthful.Notonlydoesthecyclistgetmorephysicalexercisesthanthemotorcyclist,butbicyclesarenonpolluting,sotheykeeptheenvironmentclean.Finally,bicyclingis,unlikemotorcycling,personallysatisfying.Insteadofbeingarobotinsideamachine,thebikerpedalsalong,enjoyingthesceneryandbecomingpartofthenature.Inoneword,thebicycleisapleasurablemeansoftransportation.
Whatissaidaboveistrueofawell-organizedessay,i.e.,anidealizedcompositionissupposedtocontain3paragraphs—atopic/introductoryparagraph,asupportingparagraphandanendingparagraph.Letustakethefollowingessayasanexample.
StayingHealthy
Goodhealthisthemostvaluablepossessionapersoncanhave.Therearethreethingsthatapersoncandotostayingoodhealth.Oneshouldeattherightfoods,getenoughrest,andexerciseproperly.(Topic/introductoryparagraph)
Propernutritionisimportantforgoodhealth.Avoidfoodwithlotsofsugarandfat.Eatplentyofhighproteinfoods,vegetablesandfruits.Butdonotovereatbecauseitisnothealthfultobeoverweight.Gettingtheproperamountofsleepisalsoimportant.Withoutenoughsleep,youarelikelytofeeltiredandirritable.Soallowyourselfeighthoursofsleepeachnight.Finally,getplentyofexercisesinceitimprovesyourheartandlunges,andpreventsyoufromgainingweight.(Supportingparagraph)
Ifeverybodyweretoeattherightfoods,getplentyofsleep,andexerciseregularly,therewouldbemuchlesscomplainingaboutpoorhealth.(Endingparagraph)
III.SpecificStepsInvolvedinWritingandNoteworthyPoints
要想在30分钟内完成一篇不少于120词的文章,应认真审题,仔细构思,拟出提纲,拟订各段的主题句,或根据所给主题句确定各段中心思想,想好用什么事实或细节来支持主题句的观点。
这样写出的文章语言通顺、逻辑严密、观点明确、错误较少。
1.审题
所谓审题,就是根据所提供的有关写作范围、内容要求、目的方面的信息进行仔细推敲斟酌,从而确定文章的主题、体裁、重点、长短等等。
审题主要是解决“写什么”的问题。
1.1确立文章主题
通过审题,明确文章主题即中心思想,才能理清思路,抓住重点,这样的文章才能紧扣主题,立意鲜明,文笔流畅。
例如:
Directions:
Forthepart,youareallowedthirtyminutestowriteacompositiononthetoipc:
GlobalShortageofFreshWater.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsandyoushouldbaseyourcompositionontheoutline(giveninChinese)below:
(1)人们以为淡水是取之不尽的。
(2)实际上淡水是非常紧缺的。
(3)我们应该怎么办?
根据对本篇作文的审题,可以明确文章中心是淡水资源保护。
可以从淡水资源看似非常丰富的错误表象出发,列举出淡水资源实则严重匮乏的事实及原因,最后提出问题的解决办法。
思路清晰后,文字自然通顺连贯。
范文:
GlobalShortageofFreshWater
Somepeoplebelievethatthefreshwaterwillneverbeusedup.Becausepeoplecangetfreshwaterfromtherains,fromtherivers,fromthewellsandfromthelakes,itseemsthatwehavemorethanenoughfreshwatertouse.
Butasamatteroffact,thewholeworldisinseversshortageoffreshwater.Withthedevelopmentofindustry,moreandmorefactoriesusealotoffreshwater.Manyfactoriesdischargealargenumberofpoisonouswastesintotheriversandlakesandcauseseriouspollutionofthefreshwater.Andbecauseoftherapidincreaseoftheworld’spopulation,thereisacontinuouslyrisingdemandforfreshwater.Infact,insomebigcities,freshwatercannotmeetthepeople’sdailyneeds.
Nowitistimeforustodosomethingtosolvetheproblemoffreshwatershortage.First,wemusttakeefficientstepstoprotectourfreshwaterfrombeingpollutedandmakeitclean.Thenwemustleteveryoneunderstandthedangeroussituationheisin.Wemustalsoeducatethepeopletoknow:
wherethereisnowater,thereisnohumanbeing.
1.2确定文章文体
文体,即文章的表现形式,其中包含体裁和语言。
一般来说,不同的体裁应具备不同的语言表达模式和特点,比如说明文说明事物时强调语言明确清晰,实事求是;
议论文则要求语言具有逻辑性,肯定性强。
大学英语作文文体可分四大类,即议论文、应用文、描写文和记叙文。
Forthepart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositioninthreeparagraphs.Yourpartofthecompositionshouldbenolessthan120words,notincludingthewordsgiven.Remembertowriteclearly.YoushouldwritethiscompositionontheCompositionSheet.
Time
(1)Somepeoplethinktimeisvaluableandmakegooduseofit.
(2)Somepeoplemakepooruseofit.
(3)Ithinkweshouldformthegoodhabitofsavingtime.
根据对本篇作文的审题,可以明确它的主题是:
珍惜时间。
议论文体裁,但兼有说明部分。
本篇提纲中的第1、2点要求说明人们对待时间截然不同的两种态度及其原因和表现,第3点则要求在前文的基础上论述自己的观点——应养成珍惜时间的习惯,总结全文的同时,强调了珍惜时间这一主题。
由于说明的目的是为了“告知”,所以应侧重摆事实,注意客观、准确;
论说的目的是为了“说服”,应注意提出有力的论据和明确的结论。
Time
Somepeoplethinktimeisvaluableandmakegooduseofit.Theyreallyunderstandthemeaningof“Timeandtidewaitfornoman”.Hencetheytreasureeverysingleminuteofeverydayandmakegooduseofitinpractice.Theyarrangeeveryday’stimeproperly,nottowasteit.
Somepeoplemakepooruseofit.Theyspendtheirprecioustimeoversleeping,drinking,andsometimesplayinggamesorgambling.Theydonotrealizethatwastingtimeisequaltowastingpartoftheirpreciouslifeandthattheyaretopaymuchforthesesomeday.Theyalwaysregrethavingmadelittleachievementintheircareerowingtotheirpooruseoftime.
Ithinkweshouldformthegoodhabitofsavingtime.Neverputoffwhatcanbedonetodaytilltomorrow.Weshouldthinkhighlyofourtimejustlikeourlives.Wastingtimejustlikestayinginthetomb,youarenotyourself,justawalkingcorpse.
1.3确立写作要点
大学英语作文所涉及内容均为日常生活、科技、社会和文化等。
对这些话题大学生们虽然熟悉,但因字数所限,审题的时候,应该把握文章中心思想,限定话题范围,明确写作重点,其后再进行扩充展开,这样的文章才能思路清晰,主题明确,阐述充分。
“WomenintheModernWorld”(1987.6),可以采用议论文的形式,以Womentodayareplayinganincreasinglyimportantrolebothinthefamily,yetfacingmanydifficultiesandobstacles为中心来写作,重