语言学导论期末复习提纲.doc

语言学导论期末复习提纲.doc

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语言学导论期末复习提纲

CHAPTERONE

1.Whatislanguage?

LANGUAGEisameansofverbalcommunication.Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.

2.Whataredesignfeaturesoflanguage?

Arbitrariness:

theformsoflinguisticsignsbearnorelationshiptotheirmeaning.

Duality:

thepropertyofhavingtwolevelsofstructures,suchthatunitsoftheprimarylevelarecomposedofelementsofthesecondarylevelandeachofthetwolevelshasitsownprinciplesoforganization.Dualityliesinthegreatproductivepowerourlanguageisendowedwith.

Creativity:

languageisresourcefulbecauseofitsdualityanditsrecursiveness.Creativityhaspotentialtocreateendlesssentences.Therecursivenatureoflanguageprovidesatheoreticalbasisforthispossibility,

Displacement:

humanlanguagesenabletheiruserstosymbolizeobjects,eventsandconceptswhicharepresentatthemomentofcommunication.Displacementsbenefitshumanbeingsbygivingthemthepowertohandlegeneralizationsandabstractions.

3.Whatarethetheoriesoftheoriginoflanguage?

The“bow-wow”theory:

imitationofthesoundsofanimals→evidence:

onomatopoeicwords（onomatopoeia）

The“pooh-pooh”theory:

utteranceofinstinctivesoundsofpain,angerandjoy→evidence:

interjections

The“yo-he-ho”theory:

rhythmicgrunts→evidence:

rhythms

4.Howmanyfunctionsdoeslanguagehave?

Whatarethey?

Jakobson’sViewsoftheFunctionsofLanguage

ContextREFERANTIAL

AddresserEMOTIVE（e.g.intonationshowinganger）

MessagePOETIC（e.g.poetry）

AddresseeCONATIVE（e.g.imperativesandvocatives）

ContactPHATIC（e.g.Goodmorning!

）

CodeMETALINGUAL（e.g.Hello,doyouhearme?

）

SevenCategoriesofLanguageFunctions–Halliday

INFORMATIVE:

Informativefunctionispredominantlythemajorroleoflanguage.Languageistheinstrumentofthoughtandpeopleoftenfeelneedtospeaktheirthoughtsaloud.Theuseoflanguagetorecordthefactsisaprerequisiteofsocialdevelopment.Thisisindeedacrucialfunctionoflanguage.Itisalsocalledideationalfunctionintheframeworkoffunctionalgrammar.

INTERPERSONAL:

Themostimportantsociologicaluseoflanguageistheinterpersonalfunction,bywhichpeopleestablishandmaintaintheirstatusinasociety.Attachedtothisfunctionoflanguageisitsfunctionofexpressingidentity（age,sex,personality,intelligence,class…）.

PERFORMATIVE:

Thisfunctionoflanguageisprimarilytochangethesocialstatusofpersons,asinmarriageceremonies,thesentencingofthecriminals.Thiskindoflanguageisusuallyquiteformalandritualized.Thisfunctioncanalsoextendtothecontrolofrealityasonsomemagicalorreligiousoccasions.

EMOTIVE:

Thisisoneofthemostpowerfulusesoflanguagebecauseitiscrucialinchangingtheemotionalstatusofanaudiencefororagainstsomeoneorsomething.Itisalsocalledexpressivefunctionoflanguage.

PHATICCMMUNION:

Itreferstothesocialinteractionoflanguage.Thisfunctionalsoreferstoexpressionsthathelpdefineandmaintaininterpersonalrelations.

RECREATIONAL:

Theheartyjoyofusingalanguageisundeniable.Thisfunctionoflanguageisoftenoverlookedbecauseitseemssorestrictiveinpurposeandsupposedlysolimitedinusefulness.ItisclosetoJakobson’spoeticfunction.

METALINGUAL:

Ourlanguagecanbeusedtotalkaboutitself.Thismakesthelanguageinfinitelyself-reflexive:

Wehumanbeingscantalkabouttalkandthinkaboutthinking,andthusonlyhumanscanaskwhatitmeanstocommunicate,tothink,tobehuman.

5.Whatmainbranchesislinguisticsdividedinto?

LINGUISTICSisusuallydefinedasthescientificstuffyoflanguage.Itisasystematicinquiryintohumanlanguage:

structure,relationship,developmentandacquisition.

PHONETICSstudiesspeechsounds,includingtheproductionofspeech,thedescriptionandclassificationofspeechsounds,wordsandconnectedspeechetc.4levels:

organsinproductionofspeech;articulatoryphonetics;acousticphonetics;auditoryphonetics.Asolidknowledgecanserveasagoodfoundationforphonology.

PHONOLOGYstudiestherulesgoverningthestructure,distribution,andsequencingofspeechsoundsandtheshapeofsyllables.Itdealswiththesoundsystemofalanguagebytreatingphonemeasthepointofdeparture.Aphonemeisthesmallestlinguisticunitofsoundthatcansignaladifferenceinmeaning.Phoneticsisthestudyofspeechsoundsthatthehumanvoiceiscapableofcreating（chaos）whilephonologyisthestudyofasubsetofthosesoundsthatconstitutelanguageandmeaning（order）.

MORPHOLOGYisconcernedwiththeinternalorganizationofwords.Itstudiestheminimalunitsofmeaning-morphemesandword-formationprocesses.

SYNTAXisaboutprinciplesofformingandunderstandingcorrectEnglishsentences.

SEMANTICSexamineshowmeaningisdecodedinalangua