四级二套题Word文档格式.docx

四级二套题Word文档格式.docx

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PartII.ReadingComprehension（Skimmingandscanning）（15minutes）

Inthispart,youwillhave15minutestogooverthepassagequicklyandanswerthequestionsonAnswerSheet2.

Forquestions1-7,mark

Y（forYES）ifthestatementagreeswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage;

N（forNO）ifthestatementcontradictstheinformationgiveninthepassage;

NG（forNOTGIVEN）iftheinformationisnotgiveninthepassage.

Forquestions8-10,completethesentenceswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage.

“TheDisappearingGenerationGap”

Parentsandkidstodaydressalike,listentothesamemusic,andarefriends.Isthisagoodthing?

Sometimes,whenTomKrattenmakerofYardley,Pa.andhis16-year-olddaughter,Holland,listentorockmusictogetherandtalkaboutpopculture,herecallshismore-distantrelationshipwithhisparentswhenhewasateenager.“Iwouldneverhavesaidtomymom.‘Hey,thenewmusicalbumisreallygreat—howdoyoulikeit?

’”saysMr.Krattenmaker.“Therewasjustacompletegapinsensibilityandtaste.”Musicwasnottheonlygulf.Fromclothingandhairstylestoactivitiesandexpectations,earliergenerationsofparentsandchildrenoftenappearedtorevolveinseparateorbits（轨道）.

Today,thegenerationgaphasnotdisappeared,butitisshrinkinginmanyfamilies.Theoldauthoritarian（权利主义的）approachtodiscipline—aharsh“BecauseIsaidso,that'

swhy”—isgivingwaytoanewegalitarianism（平等主义）anda“Come,letusreasontogether”attitude.Theresultcanbearewardingclosenessamongfamilymembers.Conversationsthatwouldnothavetakenplaceagenerationago--orthatwouldhavebeenawkward,onsubjectssuchassexanddrugs—nowarecomfortableandcommon.Andparent-childactivities,fromshoppingtosports,involveaneasycamaraderie（同志间友谊）thatcancontinueintoadulthood.Nowondergreetingcardstodaycarrythemessage,“Tomymother,mybestfriend.”

Causesofthechange

Familyresearchersofferavarietyofreasonsfortheseevolvingrolesandattitudes.Theyseethe1960sasabenchmark（基准点）.Dramaticculturalshiftsled

tomoreopencommunicationandamoredemocraticprocessthatencourageseveryonetohaveasay.“Myparentswereonthe‘before,’sideofthatshift,whereastoday'

sparentsintheirfortieswereonthe‘after’side”,explainsKrattenmaker.“It'

smucheasierforpeopleintheirfortiesandtoday'

steenagerstorelatetooneanother.It'

snotatotalcakewalk（轻易取得胜利）forparentsthesedays,becauselifeismorecomplicated,butsharinginterestsdoesmakeitmorefuntobeaparentnow.”

Apopularmovementwithrootsinthe1970s,parenteffectivenesstraining,has

helpedtoreshapegenerationalroles.Thephilosophyencourageschildrentodescribetheirfeelingsaboutvarioussituations.Asaresult,saysRobertBillingham,afamily-studiesprofessoratIndianaUniversity,“Parentsandchildrenbegantalkingtoeachotherinwaystheyhadnotbefore.”Ontheplusside,headds,theseconversationsmadeparentsrealizethatchildrenmayhaveimportantthoughtsorfeelingsthatadultsneedtobeawareof.Buthealsoseesadownside:

Manyparentsstartedmakingdecisionsbasedonwhattheirchildwanted.“Thepowershiftedtochildren.Parentssaid,‘Ihavetofocusonmakingmychildhappy,’asopposedto‘Ihavetoparentmostappropriately.’”

Otherchangesareoccurringastheranksofworkingmothersgrow.“Anincreaseinguiltonthepartofbusyparentsmakesthemlesseagertospendtimedisciplining,”saidDr.LagunaofLebanonValleyCollege.Time-shortparentsalsoencouragechildren'

sindependence,makingthemmoreresponsibleforthemselves.“They'

llsay,‘Wetrustyoutomaketherightdecisions’whetherthey'

rereadytoassumetheresponsibilityornot,”saysBillingham.

Theself-esteemmovementofthepastquarter-centuryhasalsoaffectedfamily

Dynamics（动力）.Someparentsworrythatiftheytelltheirchildrenno,orimpose

limits,itwillhurtthechild'

sself-esteem.

Cautions

Butfamilyexportscautionthatthenewequalitycanalsohaveanegativeside,

diminishingrespectforparents.“There'

sstillalotofstrict,authoritarianparenting（父母作用）outthere,butthereisachangehappening,”saysKerrieLaguna,apsychologyprofessoratLebanonValleyCollegeinAnnville,Pa.“Inthemiddleofthatchange,thereisalotofconfusionamongparents.”Parentswhodon'

tsetrulesriskbecoming“sopowerlessintheirownhomesthattheyfeeloutofcontrolandsometimesafraid,”cautionsDennisLowe,directoroftheCenterfortheFamilyatPepperdineUniversityinMalibu,Calif.Hebelievesthatparents—intheireagernesstokeepthepeaceandavoidarguments—missanopportunitytoteachchildrenhowtoresolveconflicts,ratherthansimplyavoidingthem.

Althoughsensitiveanddemocraticparentinghasitsadvantages,Lagunaexpressesconcernabout“growingnumbers”ofchildrenwhohavefewboundaries

expectations.Dr.Loweandhiswife,Emily,trytomaintainstructureandboundariesbytakingatraditionalapproachwiththeirchildren,ages10and14.Theyalsostriveforaunitedfront,butchallengesarise,hesays,whenoneparentwantsanegalitarianrelationshipwithachild,whiletheotherparentwantstosetlimits.“Probablythedemocraticapproachisnotbadinandofitself,”Lowesays.“It'

swhenitswingssofarthatitpromoteslackofrulesandstructureanddisciplineforchildren.Problemsalsoarisewhenitpromotesoverindulgence（过分溺爱）,sometimesinaneffortavoid‘harming’therelationship,ratherthanteachingchildrenmoderationandthelimitsoflife.”Overindulgence,Lowesays,canactuallybeasignofneglect—neglectingvalues,neglectingteachingopportunities,andneglectingtherelationship.Tobesuccessful,peopleneedanappreciationforrulesandlimits.Loweknowsfamilieswherechildrencallparentsbytheirfirstnames.“Ratherthan‘Mom’or‘Dad’,youhavea7-year-oldsaying,‘Hey,Gary,’”heexplains,addingthatlackofrespectforpatentscouldcarryoverintorelationshipswithteachers,bosses,andothersinpositionsofauthority.

Growingunderstanding

Still,encouragingsignsexist.VernBengtson,whohasstudiedgenerationalchangesascoauthorofaforthcomingbook,HowFamiliesStillMatter,findsagreatertolerancefordivergence（分歧）betweengenerationstodaythaninthepast.“Becauseofmyownrebellioninthe60s,andbecauseofthewayIgrewoutofit,Icanbetteracceptmyson'

sdesireforindependenceandthecrazyandsometimesrebelliousthingsthathedoes,”saysProfessorBengtsonoftheUniversityofSouthernCalifornia,LosAngeles.“Basedonmyexperience,he,too,willgrowoutofit.”AsDalby,amotheroftwosons,looksaroundatfriendsandacquaintances,sheisheartenedtofindthatmanypeoplearefarmoreopenwiththethingstheytalkaboutwithchildren.“Therearealotmomdangersouttherenow.It'

sbettertoaddressthemyourselves,becausesomebodywill.”

Wheredofamiliesgofromhere?

“Parentshavetobecarefulnottototallybetheirkid'

sbuddy（朋友,because

theystillhavetobetheauthoritariananddisciplinarian（严格执行纪律者.”Krattenmakersays.Forherpart,Lagunawouldliketoseeroledistinctionsthatillustrateclearlywhotheadultsare.“Idon'

tthinkwe'

reswingingbacktothe‘good

olddays’,whenpatentsruledandchildrenkepttheirmouthsshut,”Billinghamsays.“We'

reswingingtowardabalance,whereparentsonceagainareviewedasparents,andnotaspeerstotheirchildren.Childrenarebeingviewedasverylovedandvaluedfamilymembers,butwithoutthepowerorauthorityoftheparents.“Ifwecangetthisbalance,whereparentsarenotafraidtobeparents,andparentsandchildrenputthefamilyastheirpriority,we'

llbeingreatshape.I'

mveryoptimisticaboutthefuture.”

1.Thearticleisananalysisoftherootcausesofsocialproblemslikethedisappearinggenerationgap.

2.Accordingtothepassage,thenegativesideofthenewequalitybetweenparentsandchildrenisthatrespectforpatentshasbeendecreasing.

3.Thegapbetweenparentsandchildreninthepastwasmainlyinhairstyle.

4.Today,thegenerationgapinfamilieshasdisappeared.

5.Thereasonsfortheevolvingrolesandattitudesoffamilymembersarefour:

culturalshiftsinthe60s,thepopularmovementofparenteffectivenesstrainingstartedinthe1970s,thegrowingranksofworkingmothers,andtheself-esteemmovementofthepastquarter-century.

6.Theauthorisquiteworriedaboutthefutureofthefamilies.

7.Somepeopleareoftheviewthatparentsshouldnottotallybetheirkid’sfriends,becausetheystillhavetobetheauthoritariananddisciplinarian.

8.WhataboutDennisLowe’sattitudetowardstherolesofparents?

9.AccordingtoLowe,overindulgencecanbeasignoftheneglect--_________.

10.AccordingtoProf.VernBengtson,whydopeoplefindagreatertolerancefordivergencebetweengenerationstodaythaninthepast?

PartIII.ListeningComprehension

SectionA

Inthissection,youwillhear8shortconversationsand2longconversations.Attheendofeachconversation,oneormorequestionswillbeaskedaboutwhatwassaid.Boththeconversationsandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Aftereachquestiontherewillbeapause.Duringthepause,youmustreadthefourchoicesmarkedA）,B）,C）andD）,anddecidewhichisthebest