英语专业论文On Translation of WTO Documents文档格式.docx

英语专业论文On Translation of WTO Documents文档格式.docx

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1.1.3ChinaandtheWTO……………………………………………………6

1.2SignificanceoftheTranslationoftheWTODocuments…………8

1.3StudyMethods……………………………………………………………8

CHAPTERTWOANINVESTIGATIONOFTRANSLATIONTHEORIES…9

2.1TheCurrentTheoreticalControversy………………………………9

2.2TraditionalChineseTranslationTheories………………………10

2.3CurrentWesternTranslationTheories……………………………11

2.4ANewApproachtoTranslationStudies……………………………13

CHAPTERTHREEFEATURESOFTHEWTODOCUMENTS………………15

3.1LexicalFeatures………………………………………………………15

3.1.1PreferenceforFormalWords……………………………………15

3.1.2CommonWordswithSpecialMeaning……………………………17

3.1.3FrequentEmploymentofArchaicWords…………………………19

3.1.4EmploymentofLoanWordsandPhrases…………………………21

3.1.5EmploymentofAcronymsandInitialisms………………………22

3.2SemanticFeatures………………………………………………………25

3.2.1FrequentUseofSynonymsandParallelStructures…………25

3.2.2PreferenceforNominalization……………………………………27

3.3GrammaticalFeatures……………………………………………………29

3.3.1FrequentEmploymentof

LongComplicatedSentences………………………………………29

3.3.2PreferenceforModalVerbs………………………………………31

3.3.3ConstantUseofNotesandFootnotes……………………………33

CHAPTERFOURTRANSLATIONSKILLSANDTECHNIQUES……………35

4.1CriteriaforWTOTranslation……………………………………………35

4.2LiteralTranslationandLiberalTranslation………………………36

4.3GivingPrioritytoLiteralTranslation……………………………37

4.4TechniquesinTranslationoftheWTODocuments…………………38

4.4.1Repetition……………………………………………………………39

4.4.2Amplification…………………………………………………………42

4.4.3Omission………………………………………………………………43

4.4.4Conversion……………………………………………………………44

4.4.5Inversion………………………………………………………………46

4.4.6Division………………………………………………………………48

4.4.7Negation………………………………………………………………50

4.4.8TheChangeofVoices………………………………………………53

CHAPTERFIVECONCLUSION………………………………………………55

BIBLIOGRAPHY…………………………………………………………………57

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS…………………………………………………………58

摘要

中国加入世界贸易组织已近三年，其间既有冲击也带来了机遇。

与此同时，全国上下掀起了一阵翻译热潮，国民对于翻译WTO文件的要求与日剧增。

本文分析研究WTO文件的语言特征，着眼于为WTO文件的翻译提供系统的翻译技巧框架。

本文共分五章。

第一章为简介，介绍世界贸易组织的背景，WTO文件的内容，本课题的研究意义以及研究方法。

第二章概述翻译理论。

第三章重点分析WTO文件的语言特征。

第四章讨论翻译的标准以及八项翻译技巧在WTO文件翻译中的应用。

最后一章为整篇论文作出结论。

关键词：

世界贸易组织，文件，翻译，特征，技巧

ABSTRACT

ThepastthreeyearsafterChina’saccessiontotheWTOhaswitnessedboththeimpactandtheopportunitiesforthisnation.Atthesametime,thedemandfortranslatingtheWTOdocumentshassurgedinthenationwide.ThisthesisinvestigatesthelinguisticfeaturesoftheWTOdocumentsandaimstopresentasystematicframeoftechniquesforthetranslationoftheWTOdocuments.Itconsistsoffivechapters.ChapterOneisabriefintroduction,whichpresentsthebackgroundinformationabouttheWTO,thecategoriesoftheWTOdocuments,thesignificanceofthetranslation,andstudymethods.ChapterTwoisdevotedtoaninvestigationoftranslationtheories.ChapterThreefocusesonthelinguisticfeaturesoftheWTODocuments.ChapterFourdiscussesthecriteriafortranslationandeighttechniquesinthetranslationoftheWTODocuments.Thelastchapterdrawsageneralconclusionforthewholethesis.

KeyWords:

WTO,documents,translation,feature,technique

Chapter1Introduction

On11thDecember2001,30daysafternotifyingtheDirector-Generalthatithadcompleteddomesticratificationofitsaccessionpackage,Chinabecamethe143rdmemberoftheWorldTradeOrganization（WTO）.JustasMikeMoore,WTO’sex-Director-General,commented,“ThisisahistoricmomentfortheWTO,forChinaandforinternationaleconomiccooperation”.

ThepastthreeyearsafterChina’sentryintotheWTOhaswitnessedboththeimpactandtheopportunitiesforthisnation.Atthesametime,theneedoftheWTOdocumentstranslationhasgonethroughanupsurge.Scholarsandtranslatorsinthisfieldhavebeenloadeddownwiththetask.Admittedly,thatisanarduoustask,sinceanauthorizedChineseversioniselementarynotonlyforthegovernmentbutalsofortheenterprises,evenforcivilians.Withthetranslatedversion,thegovernmentwillaccordinglyamendanddraftlawsandregulations;

theenterpriseswilladjustitsmanagingstyleandoperatingstrategies;

thecivilianswillpayattentiontotheeconomicactivitiesintheirdailylife.Asaresult,Chinawilldeepenitsreformandopenwidertotherestoftheworld.Inturn,thiseconomy“isboundtoenhanceglobaleconomiccooperation”[1].

Sofaronlyafewbookscanbecountedforauthorizedtranslatedlegaltextsinthisfield,andfewerstill,ifany,hasmadestudyonrelevanttranslationskills.OneofthemisTheLegalTexts:

TheResultsoftheUruguayRoundofMultilateralTradeNegotiations,publishedbyLawPressinOctober2001.ThetitleofthisbookindicatesthatWTOdocumentsaremainlylegaltextsinrespectoftradeandeconomy.Thathasimposedgreatdifficultiesontranslators.

AstudyontheuniquefeaturesoftheWTOdocumentsandthetranslationstechniquesisnodoubthelpfultotheimportanttaskoftranslatingsuchdocuments.Andthatisexactlywhatthispaperismeanttodobasedontheabove-mentionedauthorizedworks.

1.11.1BackgroundInformation

1.1.11.1.1 

TheWorldTradeOrganization

TheWorldTradeOrganizationcameintobeingin1995asthesuccessortotheGeneralAgreementonTariffsandTrade（GATT）createdinthewakeoftheSecondWorldWar.BoththeGATTandtheWTOhavehelpedtocreateastrongandprosperoustradingsystemcontributingtounprecedentedgrowth.Thesystemwasdevelopedthroughaseriesoftradenegotiations,orrounds,heldunderGATT.Theearlyroundsdealtmainlywithtariffreductionsbutlaternegotiationsincludedotherareassuchasanti-dumpingandnon-tariffmeasures.TheUruguayRound,from1986to1994,ledtotheWTO’screation.

Inbrief,theWorldTradeOrganizationistheonlyinternationalorganizationdealingwithglobaltraderulesbetweennations.Itsmainfunctionistoensurethattradeflowsassmoothly,predictablyandfreelyaspossible.[2]

DecisionsintheWTOaretypicallytakenbyconsensusamongallmembersandtheyareratifiedbymembers’parliaments.TradefrictionischanneledintothedisputesettlementprocessoftheWTO,focusingoninterpretingagreementsandcommitments,andonensuringthattradepoliciesinthosecountriesconfirmwiththem.Inthatway,theriskofdisputespillingoverintopoliticalormilitaryconflictisreduced.Byloweringtradebarriers,thesystemalsobreaksdownotherbarriersbetweenpeoplesandnations.

Attheheartofthesystem---knownasthemultilateraltradingsystem---aretheWTO’sagreements,negotiatedandsignedbyalargemajorityoftheworld’stradingnations,andratifiedbyintheirparliaments.Theseagreementsarethelegalbases---rulesforinternationalcommerce.Essentially,theyarecontracts,guaranteeingmemberstraderights.Theyalsobindgovernmentstokeeptheirtradepolicieswithinagreedlimitstoeveryone’sbenefit.Theagreementswerenegotiatedandsignedbygovernmentssoastohelpproducersofgoodsandservicesaswellasexportersandimportersconducttheirbusiness.

ThegoaloftheWTOistoimprovethewelfareofthepeoplesofthemembercountriesandregions.[3]

1.1.21.1.2 

TheWTODocuments

MostofthedetailsoftheOrganization'

sworkarerecordedintheofficialdocumentsofthecouncils,committees,workinggroupsetc.Generally,WTOdocumentsincludethefollowingthreeparts:

1.1.2.11.1.2.1 

Pre-WTOLegalTexts

Intheperiodfrom1947to1986therewereanumberofagreementswhichdevelopedthebasisforinternationaltraderelations.TheoriginalGeneralAgreementonTariffsandTrade,whichincorporatedrelevantsectionsoftheHavanaCharter,wasnegotiatedin1947andcameintoforcein1948.SubsequentyearssawaseriesofeightnegotiatingroundsundertheGATT,untilthelaunchoftheUruguayRoundin1986[4].Theyareasfollows:

HavanaCharter

TheUnitedNationsConferenceonTradeandEmployment,heldinHavana,Cuba,in1947,adoptedtheHavanaCharterfortheInternationalTradeOrganizationwhichwasmeanttoestablishamultilateraltradeorganization.Forvariousreasons,thecharternevercameintoforce.

GATT1947

PendingtheentryintoforceoftheHavanaCharter,amechanismwasneededtoimplementandprotectthetariffconcessionsnegotiatedin1947.Todoso,itwasdecidedtotaketheChapteronCommercialPolicyoftheHavanaCharterandconvertit,withcertainadditions,intotheGeneralAgreementonTariffsandTrade.TobringtheGATTintoforcequickly,aProtocolofProvisionalApplicationwasdeveloped.Thus,theGATTwasborn.TheGATT1947AgreementwasbroughtintotheUruguayRoundagreementsbyGATT1994.

TokyoRoundCodes

TheTokyoRoundnegotiations（1973-1979）developedagreementsonanti-dumpingmeasures,governmentprocurement,technicalbarrierstotradeandothernon-tariffmeasureswhichwereknownas“codes”.

KennedyRoundCodes

TheKennedyRoundnegotiations（1964-67）producedanagreement,alsoknownasacode,onmultilateralrulesforanti-dumping.

DecisiononDifferentialandMoreFavorableTreatment,ReciprocityandFullerParticipationofDevelopingCountries（Enablingclause）1979.

1.1.2.2TheWTOLegalTexts

MostoftheWTOagreementsaretheresultofthe1986–94UruguayRoundnegotiations,