英语专业论文On Translation of WTO Documents文档格式.docx
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1.1.3ChinaandtheWTO……………………………………………………6
1.2SignificanceoftheTranslationoftheWTODocuments…………8
1.3StudyMethods……………………………………………………………8
CHAPTERTWOANINVESTIGATIONOFTRANSLATIONTHEORIES…9
2.1TheCurrentTheoreticalControversy………………………………9
2.2TraditionalChineseTranslationTheories………………………10
2.3CurrentWesternTranslationTheories……………………………11
2.4ANewApproachtoTranslationStudies……………………………13
CHAPTERTHREEFEATURESOFTHEWTODOCUMENTS………………15
3.1LexicalFeatures………………………………………………………15
3.1.1PreferenceforFormalWords……………………………………15
3.1.2CommonWordswithSpecialMeaning……………………………17
3.1.3FrequentEmploymentofArchaicWords…………………………19
3.1.4EmploymentofLoanWordsandPhrases…………………………21
3.1.5EmploymentofAcronymsandInitialisms………………………22
3.2SemanticFeatures………………………………………………………25
3.2.1FrequentUseofSynonymsandParallelStructures…………25
3.2.2PreferenceforNominalization……………………………………27
3.3GrammaticalFeatures……………………………………………………29
3.3.1FrequentEmploymentof
LongComplicatedSentences………………………………………29
3.3.2PreferenceforModalVerbs………………………………………31
3.3.3ConstantUseofNotesandFootnotes……………………………33
CHAPTERFOURTRANSLATIONSKILLSANDTECHNIQUES……………35
4.1CriteriaforWTOTranslation……………………………………………35
4.2LiteralTranslationandLiberalTranslation………………………36
4.3GivingPrioritytoLiteralTranslation……………………………37
4.4TechniquesinTranslationoftheWTODocuments…………………38
4.4.1Repetition……………………………………………………………39
4.4.2Amplification…………………………………………………………42
4.4.3Omission………………………………………………………………43
4.4.4Conversion……………………………………………………………44
4.4.5Inversion………………………………………………………………46
4.4.6Division………………………………………………………………48
4.4.7Negation………………………………………………………………50
4.4.8TheChangeofVoices………………………………………………53
CHAPTERFIVECONCLUSION………………………………………………55
BIBLIOGRAPHY…………………………………………………………………57
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS…………………………………………………………58
摘要
中国加入世界贸易组织已近三年,其间既有冲击也带来了机遇。
与此同时,全国上下掀起了一阵翻译热潮,国民对于翻译WTO文件的要求与日剧增。
本文分析研究WTO文件的语言特征,着眼于为WTO文件的翻译提供系统的翻译技巧框架。
本文共分五章。
第一章为简介,介绍世界贸易组织的背景,WTO文件的内容,本课题的研究意义以及研究方法。
第二章概述翻译理论。
第三章重点分析WTO文件的语言特征。
第四章讨论翻译的标准以及八项翻译技巧在WTO文件翻译中的应用。
最后一章为整篇论文作出结论。
关键词:
世界贸易组织,文件,翻译,特征,技巧
ABSTRACT
ThepastthreeyearsafterChina’saccessiontotheWTOhaswitnessedboththeimpactandtheopportunitiesforthisnation.Atthesametime,thedemandfortranslatingtheWTOdocumentshassurgedinthenationwide.ThisthesisinvestigatesthelinguisticfeaturesoftheWTOdocumentsandaimstopresentasystematicframeoftechniquesforthetranslationoftheWTOdocuments.Itconsistsoffivechapters.ChapterOneisabriefintroduction,whichpresentsthebackgroundinformationabouttheWTO,thecategoriesoftheWTOdocuments,thesignificanceofthetranslation,andstudymethods.ChapterTwoisdevotedtoaninvestigationoftranslationtheories.ChapterThreefocusesonthelinguisticfeaturesoftheWTODocuments.ChapterFourdiscussesthecriteriafortranslationandeighttechniquesinthetranslationoftheWTODocuments.Thelastchapterdrawsageneralconclusionforthewholethesis.
KeyWords:
WTO,documents,translation,feature,technique
Chapter1Introduction
On11thDecember2001,30daysafternotifyingtheDirector-Generalthatithadcompleteddomesticratificationofitsaccessionpackage,Chinabecamethe143rdmemberoftheWorldTradeOrganization(WTO).JustasMikeMoore,WTO’sex-Director-General,commented,“ThisisahistoricmomentfortheWTO,forChinaandforinternationaleconomiccooperation”.
ThepastthreeyearsafterChina’sentryintotheWTOhaswitnessedboththeimpactandtheopportunitiesforthisnation.Atthesametime,theneedoftheWTOdocumentstranslationhasgonethroughanupsurge.Scholarsandtranslatorsinthisfieldhavebeenloadeddownwiththetask.Admittedly,thatisanarduoustask,sinceanauthorizedChineseversioniselementarynotonlyforthegovernmentbutalsofortheenterprises,evenforcivilians.Withthetranslatedversion,thegovernmentwillaccordinglyamendanddraftlawsandregulations;
theenterpriseswilladjustitsmanagingstyleandoperatingstrategies;
thecivilianswillpayattentiontotheeconomicactivitiesintheirdailylife.Asaresult,Chinawilldeepenitsreformandopenwidertotherestoftheworld.Inturn,thiseconomy“isboundtoenhanceglobaleconomiccooperation”[1].
Sofaronlyafewbookscanbecountedforauthorizedtranslatedlegaltextsinthisfield,andfewerstill,ifany,hasmadestudyonrelevanttranslationskills.OneofthemisTheLegalTexts:
TheResultsoftheUruguayRoundofMultilateralTradeNegotiations,publishedbyLawPressinOctober2001.ThetitleofthisbookindicatesthatWTOdocumentsaremainlylegaltextsinrespectoftradeandeconomy.Thathasimposedgreatdifficultiesontranslators.
AstudyontheuniquefeaturesoftheWTOdocumentsandthetranslationstechniquesisnodoubthelpfultotheimportanttaskoftranslatingsuchdocuments.Andthatisexactlywhatthispaperismeanttodobasedontheabove-mentionedauthorizedworks.
1.11.1BackgroundInformation
1.1.11.1.1
TheWorldTradeOrganization
TheWorldTradeOrganizationcameintobeingin1995asthesuccessortotheGeneralAgreementonTariffsandTrade(GATT)createdinthewakeoftheSecondWorldWar.BoththeGATTandtheWTOhavehelpedtocreateastrongandprosperoustradingsystemcontributingtounprecedentedgrowth.Thesystemwasdevelopedthroughaseriesoftradenegotiations,orrounds,heldunderGATT.Theearlyroundsdealtmainlywithtariffreductionsbutlaternegotiationsincludedotherareassuchasanti-dumpingandnon-tariffmeasures.TheUruguayRound,from1986to1994,ledtotheWTO’screation.
Inbrief,theWorldTradeOrganizationistheonlyinternationalorganizationdealingwithglobaltraderulesbetweennations.Itsmainfunctionistoensurethattradeflowsassmoothly,predictablyandfreelyaspossible.[2]
DecisionsintheWTOaretypicallytakenbyconsensusamongallmembersandtheyareratifiedbymembers’parliaments.TradefrictionischanneledintothedisputesettlementprocessoftheWTO,focusingoninterpretingagreementsandcommitments,andonensuringthattradepoliciesinthosecountriesconfirmwiththem.Inthatway,theriskofdisputespillingoverintopoliticalormilitaryconflictisreduced.Byloweringtradebarriers,thesystemalsobreaksdownotherbarriersbetweenpeoplesandnations.
Attheheartofthesystem---knownasthemultilateraltradingsystem---aretheWTO’sagreements,negotiatedandsignedbyalargemajorityoftheworld’stradingnations,andratifiedbyintheirparliaments.Theseagreementsarethelegalbases---rulesforinternationalcommerce.Essentially,theyarecontracts,guaranteeingmemberstraderights.Theyalsobindgovernmentstokeeptheirtradepolicieswithinagreedlimitstoeveryone’sbenefit.Theagreementswerenegotiatedandsignedbygovernmentssoastohelpproducersofgoodsandservicesaswellasexportersandimportersconducttheirbusiness.
ThegoaloftheWTOistoimprovethewelfareofthepeoplesofthemembercountriesandregions.[3]
1.1.21.1.2
TheWTODocuments
MostofthedetailsoftheOrganization'
sworkarerecordedintheofficialdocumentsofthecouncils,committees,workinggroupsetc.Generally,WTOdocumentsincludethefollowingthreeparts:
1.1.2.11.1.2.1
Pre-WTOLegalTexts
Intheperiodfrom1947to1986therewereanumberofagreementswhichdevelopedthebasisforinternationaltraderelations.TheoriginalGeneralAgreementonTariffsandTrade,whichincorporatedrelevantsectionsoftheHavanaCharter,wasnegotiatedin1947andcameintoforcein1948.SubsequentyearssawaseriesofeightnegotiatingroundsundertheGATT,untilthelaunchoftheUruguayRoundin1986[4].Theyareasfollows:
HavanaCharter
TheUnitedNationsConferenceonTradeandEmployment,heldinHavana,Cuba,in1947,adoptedtheHavanaCharterfortheInternationalTradeOrganizationwhichwasmeanttoestablishamultilateraltradeorganization.Forvariousreasons,thecharternevercameintoforce.
GATT1947
PendingtheentryintoforceoftheHavanaCharter,amechanismwasneededtoimplementandprotectthetariffconcessionsnegotiatedin1947.Todoso,itwasdecidedtotaketheChapteronCommercialPolicyoftheHavanaCharterandconvertit,withcertainadditions,intotheGeneralAgreementonTariffsandTrade.TobringtheGATTintoforcequickly,aProtocolofProvisionalApplicationwasdeveloped.Thus,theGATTwasborn.TheGATT1947AgreementwasbroughtintotheUruguayRoundagreementsbyGATT1994.
TokyoRoundCodes
TheTokyoRoundnegotiations(1973-1979)developedagreementsonanti-dumpingmeasures,governmentprocurement,technicalbarrierstotradeandothernon-tariffmeasureswhichwereknownas“codes”.
KennedyRoundCodes
TheKennedyRoundnegotiations(1964-67)producedanagreement,alsoknownasacode,onmultilateralrulesforanti-dumping.
DecisiononDifferentialandMoreFavorableTreatment,ReciprocityandFullerParticipationofDevelopingCountries(Enablingclause)1979.
1.1.2.2TheWTOLegalTexts
MostoftheWTOagreementsaretheresultofthe1986–94UruguayRoundnegotiations,