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C.Somedecomposebeforemelting,afewsublime(fromsolidtogasdirectly),butamajorityundergorepeatedmeltingandcrystallizationwithoutanychangeinmolecularstructure.
3.Whentwodifferentatomsarebondedcovalently,thesharedelectronsareattractedtothemoreelectronegativeatomofthebond,resultinginashiftofelectrondensitytowardthemoreelectronegativeatom.Suchacovalentbondispolar,andwillhaveadipole.
4.Functionalgroupsareatomsorsmallgroupsofatoms(twotofour)thatexhibitacharacteristicreactivitywhentreatedwithcertainreagents.
5.Differentatomshavedifferentaffinitiesfornearbyelectrons.Theabilityofanelementtoattractorholdontoelectronsiscalledelectronegativity.
6.Allatomsandmoleculeshaveaweakattractionforoneanother,knownasvanderWaalsattraction.
7.Theexceptionallystrongdipole-dipoleattractionsthatcausethisbehaviorarecalledthehydrogenbond.
8.Themoleculeprovidingapolarhydrogenforahydrogenbondiscalledadonor.
9.Thehighestoccupiedelectronshelliscalledthevalenceshell,andtheelectronsoccupyingthisshellarecalledvalenceelectrons.
10.Thenumberofelectronsanatomgainorlosetoachieveavalenceoctetiscalledvalence.
1.最高占据能级电子层被称之为价(电子)层,价层上所占据电子被称之为价电子。
2.一个相关的原则,是值得注意到一点.虽然氢键很弱(大约4-5个千卡每摩尔),当几个这种键共同存在于产物结构中时会变得很强.在木材和其他相关材料中纤维素纤维中的氢键表现的很强.
3.同样,伯胺和仲胺既是供体又是受体,但叔胺只是受体。
4.水是最普遍的溶剂,在地球上分布广泛并且在生活中扮演者最基本的角色,使得它成为讨论水溶性的基准。
5.在这些结构中没有双键、三键和环的存在。
四.单项选择
1.Theabilityofanelementtoattractorholdontoelectronsiscalled()
A.ElectronegativityB.functionalgroup
C.configurationD.substituent
2.()areatomsorsmallgroupsofatoms(twotofour)thatexhibitacharacteristicreactivitywhentreatedwithcertainreagents.
A.ElectrostaticattractionB.Functionalgroups
C.carbontetrafluorideDcovalentbonding.
3.Differentcompoundshavingthesamemolecularformulaarecalled().
A.isomersB.constitutionalisomers
C.MultiplebondingD.covalentbonding
4.Thepreferredchargedistributionwillhavethepositivechargeonthelesselectronegativeatom()andthenegativechargeonthemoreelectronegativeatom().
A.C、NB.N、O
C.C、OD.N、H
5.()omitthesymbolsforcarbonandhydrogenentirely。
A.ShorthandformulasB.HybridOrbitals
C.formulaweightD.hydrogenbond
6.Indeed,manyofthephysical_____ofcompoundsthatareusedtoidentifythemareduetointermolecularinteractions.
A;
characteristicsB:
dispositionC:
natureD:
temperament
7.Forgeneralpurposesitisusefultoconsidertemperaturetobeameasureofthe_____ofalltheatomsandmoleculesinagivensystem
A:
kineticenergyBPotentialenergy.C:
HeatD:
.Kineticenergy
8.Iftherewereno_____,allmatterwouldexistinagaseousstate,andlifeasweknowitwouldnotbepossible.
vanderWaalsforcesB:
vanderWaalsinteractions
C:
GravityD:
gravitational
9.Thedistancebetweenmoleculesinacrystallatticeissmallandregular,withintermolecularforcesservingtoconstrainthemotionofthemoleculesmore_____thanintheliquidstate.
severelyB:
SeriousC:
criticalD:
critically
10.______,ifthesolidmelts,ortheliquidfreezes,adiscontinuityoccursandthetemperatureofthesampleremainsconstantuntilthephasechangeiscomplete.
HoweverB:
orC:
onceD:
forever
五.Cloze
1.Whendiscussingstructuralformulas,itisoftenusefultodistinguishdifferentgroupsofcarbonatomsbytheirstructuralcharacteristics.A
carbon(1º
)isonethatisbondedtonomorethanoneothercarbonatom.Acarbon(2º
)isbondedtotwoothercarbonatoms,and
(3º
)and(4º
)carbonatomsarebondedtothreeandfourothercarbons.ThethreeC5H12isomersshownbelowillustratetheseterms.
2.Themoleculeprovidingapolarhydrogenforahydrogenbondiscalleda().Themoleculethatprovidestheelectronrichsitetowhichthehydrogenisattractediscalledan().Waterand()mayserveasbothdonorsandacceptors,whereas(),(),ketones(酮类)and()canfunctiononlyasacceptors.
化工专业英语一、二章预测题二
一Traslation
1离子化合物(ioniccompound)
共价键(covalentbonds)
双原子分子(diatomicelements)
分子偶极距(moleculardipoles)
官能团(Functionalgroups)
有机化学(organicchemistry)
动能(kineticenergy)
叔碳(tertiarycarbon)
库伦力(coulombicforces)
二英译汉
1.Structuralformulas(分子结构式)
2.bondangles(键角)
3.isomers(异构体)
4.valenceshellelectron-pairrepulsiontheory(价电子对互斥理论)
5.primarycarbon(伯碳)
6.quaternarycarbon(季碳)
7.thethreedimensionalshape(三维构型)
8.inductiveeffect(诱导效应)
9.alkanes(烷烃)
10.periodictable(周期表)
三.化合物得命名
三氟乙醇trifluoroethanol甲醛formaldehyde醋酸aceticacid
四氟化碳carbontetrafluoride丙醇propanol
4.thealogensareoneelectronshortofavalenceshelloctetandareamongthemostreactiveofthee
1.lements。
卤素是电子层8电子中少一个电子的元素,也是所有元素中最活泼的。
2.carbondioxideisnotablebecauseitisacaseinwhichtwopairsofelectronsaresharedbythesametwoatoms。
二氧化碳十分显著,因为它是两对电子被两个相同原子共同分享的案例
3.Differentatomshavedifferentaffinitiesfornearbyelectrons。
Theabilityofelementtoattractorholdontoelectronsiscalledelectronegativity。
一个元素吸引或束缚电子的能力被称作电负性
4.Functionalgroupsareatomsorsmallgroupsofatmsthatexhibitacharacteristicreactivitywhentreatedwithcertainreagents。
官能团是原子或者原子团当遇到特定的试剂会显示特征性的反应的集团
5.Differentcompoundshavingthesamemolecularformalaarecalledismers。
不同的化合物具有相同的分子结构被称作是异构体
6.Indeedmanyofthephysicalcharacteristicsofcompoundsthatareusedtoidentifythemareduetointermolecularinteractions。
当然用来判断他们的物理特性归因于分子之间的相互作用
7.Itshoudbenotedthattherearealsosmallerrepulsiveforcesbetweenmoleculesthatincreaserapidlyatverysmallintermoleculardistances。
应该注意的是在分子之间仍有小的互斥为在小的分子距离范围内增长的特别快
8.Theformulaofeachentyisfollowedbyitsformulaweightinparenthesesandtheboilingpointindegreescelsius。
一序列的公式跟着的是它的分子量和摄氏温度的沸点
9.Themoleculethatprovidestheelectronrichsitetowhichthehydrogenisattractediscalledanacceptor。
能够提供给氢被吸引的电子位置的分子被称为受体
10.Waterdissolvesmanyionicsaltsthankstoitshighdielectricconstantandabilitytosolvateions。
水能溶解很多离子盐归因为它高的价电常数和溶解离子的能力
5.汉译英
1.官能团是遇到特定的试剂时表现出特征性活性的原子或原子团
Founctionalgroupsareatomsorsmallgroupsofatomsthat
Exhibitacharacteristicreactivitywhentreatedwithcertainreagents。
2.氢和更多的带负电的原子结合形成极性共价键,比如氢,由于氢原子很小,双极子键的正电部分比其他磁性键更容易接近相邻分子的亲核或碱性部分。
Hydrogenformspolarcovalentbondstomoreelectronegativeatomssuchasoxygen,andbecauseahydorgenatomisquitesmall,thepositiveendofthebonddipplecanapproachneighboringnucleophilicorbasicsitesmorecloselythancanotherpolarbonds。
3.由于分子间作用力强迫分子运动比在液态中更剧烈,一个晶格中的分子间距是很小的且有规律的。
Thedistancebetweenmoleculesinacrystallatticeissmallandregular,withintermolecularforceservingtoconstrainthemotinofthemoleculesmoreseverelythanintheliquidstate。
4.在缩写的分子式中,碳之间的省略,但是每一个不寻常的构造单元都被写上下标来指定多功能取代基,包括氢。
Incondensedstructuralformulasthebondstoeachcarbonareomitted,subscriptnumbersdesignatingmultiplesubstituents,includingthehydrogens。
5.一般来说,在一个特定的系统中,对于所有的原子和分子而言,温度来测量动能是很有用的。
Forgeneralpurposesitisusefultoconsidertemperaturetobeameasureofthekineticenergyofalltheatomsandmoleculesinagivensystem。
六.
1.Whichofthefollavinggasesdon’thavevalenceshellelectronoctet?
(A)
AHeliumBNeonCArgonDKrypton
2.Alkalimetalsareexceptionallyreactivebecause(A)
AcapturingelectronBLosingelectronCNotclear
3.Whichofthefollowingelementsdon’thavecovalentbonding?
(c)
AcarbondioxideBcarbontetrafluorideCsodiumchlorideDwater
4.Theelectronegativityofthefollowingelementsfromhightolawis(B)
Acarbon,Fluonine,hydrogenBFluorine,carbon,hydrogen,potassiumCFluorine,hydrogen,carbon,potassium
5.Inthetwodimensionalshapewhatbondisdirectedinbackinbackoftheplane(B)
AastraightlineBawedgeshapedbondCahatchedbond
6amongtheseoptions,whichistheioniccompound?
A.BenzeneB.SodiumchlorideChydrogenchlorideD.Carbondioxide
7howmanyconstitutionalisomersdoesC4H10Ohave?
A.5B.6C.7D.8
8amongthesecompound,whichdoesn'
thavethehydrogenbonding?
A.methaneB.ammoniaC.HydrogenchlorideD.hydrogenfluoride
9whichmoleculehasdipolecovalentbonds?
A.O2BCO2C.H2OD.CH4
10howmanyfunctionalgroupsinthismoleculeCHCL=CHOH?
A,1B.2C.3D.4
七
1.Whendiscussingstructuralformulas,itisoftenusefultodistinguishdifferentgroupsofcarbonatomsbytheirstructuralcharacteristics,A(primary)carbonisonethatisbondedtonomorethanoneothercarbonatoms.A(secondary)carbonisbondedtotwoothercarbonatoms,and(tertrary)and(quaternary)carbonatomsarebondedrespectivelytothreeandfourothercarbons.ThethreeC5H12isomersshownbelowillustratetheseterms.
2.Whensodiumisburnedinachlorineatmosphere,itproduces(sodiumchloride).Thishasahigh(meltingpoint)anddissolves(inwater)togi