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A.Formalbecauseitiswritteninstandardlanguageandinformalstyledevoidofcontractions,ellipses,slangywords,vulgarisms,etc.
B.Substantialbecauseitdealswithacademicallyimportantandseriousissuesandisofsubstanceandlength.
C.Well-documentedbecauseitrigidlyfollowstherulesofcitationanddocumentationwithallborrowedideasorfactsfullyacknowledgedinthenotesandbibliography.
4.Therequirementsofanacademicpaper.
1)Ascientificattitude,arigorousstudystyle,acreativemind,andagreatcouragetoexploreunknownacademicareas,discoveringorsolvingproblemsintheacademicorscientificfields.
2)Basicknowledgeofacademicresearch---itsnature,value,andsignificance,essentialfeatures,techniquesandmethods,etc.Tolearnmoreabouttheacademiccircleandthesocietybysearchingthroughallsortsofreferencematerialsoriginatinginacademicandsocialstudies.
3)Toknowaboutscholarship,suchashowtofindsubjectstoinvestigate,howtocollectandevaluatesourcematerials,howtodeveloptheirownideas.
5.Componentspartsofanacademicpaper
1)EnglishtitleandChinesetitleofyourpaper
2)AbstractbothinEnglishandinChineseandkeywords
3)KeywordsinEnglishandChinese
4)Contents
5)Introduction
6)Materialsandmethodsusedintheresearch(theories,tools,approaches,etc.)
7)Factsandfiguresintheanalysis,prosandconsintheargumentationorpointsofviewintheexposition;
8)Researchresultsorfindings;
9)Conclusion.
6.Thestepsofpaperwriting
1)Choosingatopic:
atentativetopic,apreliminarythesisstatement
2)Makingathesisproposal:
3)Datacollectionandevaluation:
aworkingbibliography
4)Thesisformulation(presentationorstatement)
5)Organizationofideas;
6)Writingandrevisingofthepaper;
7)Finalizingofthepaper.
Researchpaperwritingaremoreoftenwithstartsandstops,setbacksandreverses,evendeadends,especiallyinthepreparatorystages.Itisonlyafterconstantefforts,repeatedmodificationsandalternationsthatyoucometoasatisfactoryendandgeteverythingfinalized.
7.Startworkingonyourthesis:
1)Beclearaboutyouraimsandintention:
whattoinvestigateorresearchinto,whattowriteabout.
2).Chooseagoodtopic:
atentativetopic,narrowingyourfocusonlyononeoftheissues,toanappropriatetopic,consideringyourcapability,limitoftime,limitofreferencesyoucanfind.
Youmaybeginbyinquiringintowhatisknowntopeopleonacertainsubject;
thenbymakingcomparisonsorcontrastsandpassingjudgment,youperceiveloopholes,inaccuracies,errorsorfallacies;
byanalyzingthecorrectandtheincorrect,youdrawconclusionsofyourownanddevelopsomenewideasorviewsonthetopicunderdiscussion.
3)Reading:
doingextensiveandintensivereading,evaluatingsourcematerialsandtakingnotesofimportantandrelevantinformationorpointsofviewinyourreading.Sortingoutusefulmaterialsyouhavecollectedanddevelopingyourideas.
4)Writinganoutline:
planthepaperwithgreatcareanddrawagoodoutline,organizingyourthoughtsforthewritingofthepaperwithunity,coherenceclarityandaccuracy.
5)Followthewritingconventionsandpaperformatstrictly:
attachcarefullyandcorrectlymadenotesandbibliographytotheendofthepaper,documentingproperlythesourcesyouhavemadeuseof.
6)Guardagainstplagiarism:
makingofnotesandbibliography.
Lecture2Howtochooseatopic
Tochooseatopicisthefirststepofpreparationforyourresearchandresearchpaperwriting.
Youmustdecideonwhattoresearchintoandwhattowriteabout,namely,todiscoverthesubjectforyourresearchandchoosethetopicforyourresearchpaper.
1.Thetwobroadtypes:
Researchareasmaybedividedintotwobroadtypes:
theoreticalandpractical.
Thetheoreticaltypeistheory-oriented.
Thepracticalisapplication-oriented.
Theoryandpracticealwayswalkhandinhand,andinfacttheyareusuallycombinedinpapers,whichmaybemoretheoreticalorpractical.
2.AcademicareasfortheEnglishmajorsofouruniversity
TherearefiveareasforresearchandconfineyourtopicstoEnglish-relatedareasandsubjectsaslistedbelow:
1)TheAreaofLanguagestudies(linguistics),includingEnglishmorphology,syntax,semantics,etymology,rhetoric,stylistics,pragmatics,allbranchesofEnglishlinguisticsandtheircomparisonswiththeChinesecounterparts;
PurelanguagestudyofEnglishonitsstructureandelementssuchaspeculiarities,phonetics,grammar,vocabulary,discourse,comparisonsofEnglishdialects,Briticism,Americanism,Australianism,etc.
2)Appliedlinguistics:
EnglishforSpecificPurposes(ESP).
StudiesofESP:
TESL(TeachingEnglishasaSecondLanguage);
TEFL(TeachingEnglishasaForeignLanguage),andanyspecialknow-howorexpertiseconcerningEnglishinuse.
Nowadays,languageteachingandlearningisbecominganindependentdisciplinewithitsowntheoryandpractice,including:
a.Tostudypsychologicalmechanismsoflanguageteachingandlearning;
b.Tostudythemethodsofteachers’teachingandstudents’learningoftheEnglishlanguage;
c.Tocomparetheacquisitionofthemothertonguewiththatofaforeignlanguage,discusstheimprovementandapplicationofmodemteachingapproachesandfacilities,orevenmakecommentsonandevaluatetext-booksinuse,etc.
Ifyouwanttobemoretheoretical,youcantryanybranchoflinguisticsanditsapplicationtolanguageteachingandlearningandthesecondlanguageacquisition.
3)Areaofliterarystudies,including:
British,American,Australian,Canadian.South-Africanliterature,comparisonsbetweenthem,andtheircomparisonswithChineseliterature;
Toapplyliterarytheoriesandcriticalmethodologytothestudyofwritersandworks,literarytrendsandschools,literaryperiods,literarycriticism,etc.
4)Theareaoftranslationandpractice,includingtheoriesandmechanics,writtentranslationandoralinterpretation;
Intheareaoftranslation,youcanresearchinto:
a.Theoriginandgrowthoftranslationpracticeandtheory;
b.Differenttheoreticalschoolsandtheirdoctrinesontranslation;
c.Standardsandcriteriaforthequalityoftranslation;
d.Methodsandtechniquesfordoingtranslationofvariouskinds;
e.Teachingoftranslationasabasiclanguageskill,etc.
5)Theareaofcross-culturestudies:
Comparisonsofreligions,philosophies,educations(?
),habitsandcustomsofdifferentcountriesandraces,aswellasmeansofinterculturalcommunication.
3.Tochoosetopics
1)Firststeptodiscoverasubjectinonearea:
a.Youmayuseyourpersonalexperiences,forexample,attendingalectureoracourse;
readinganewspaper,ajournal,abookoranovel;
watchingamovie,aTVprogramandsoon.
b.Youmayalsotalkwithothers,yourfellowstudents,yourfriends,andyourteachersinparticular,togetenlightenment.
c.Themostimportantthingforyoutodoistogethelpfromsourcematerials,suchasatableofcontents,abook’sindex,anencyclopediaarticle,headlinesinperiodicalindexes,etc.
Afteryouhavediscoveredthesubjectthatsuitsyou,youshouldfurtherfindaspecifictopicunderthechosensubject.
2)Threestandards.
a.Interestingtoyou.
Aninterestingtopicwillgiveyougreatimpetusforthesuccessfulfulfillmentofyourresearch.
b.Significantorworthwhile.
Yourtopicshouldhaveobviousorpotentialtheoreticalorpracticalvalue.
c.Workableormanageable.
Anappropriatetopicshouldbeneithertoobroad,ortoonarrow.
3)Difficultiesinchoosingagoodtopic:
a.Notfullyawareofwhatisreallysignificantorvaluable
b.Difficulttosubdividethegeneralsubjecthehasdiscoveredintotopicsofmanageablesizeandcomplexity.
c.Theproblemsofabroadtopic:
Thetopicistoogeneral,oneonwhichitishardtofocusyourstudyortofinishapaperoftherequiredlengthwithinthestipulatedtime.
Thereferencesavailablemaybetoomanyforyoutofinishreadingwithintheallotted
time.
Toobroadatopicshouldbenarroweddowntoaworkablesize.
d.Theproblemsofanarrowtopic:
a.Thetopicistoospecific,hardtoenlargeuponordevelopyourargumentsabout.
b.Itisusuallytrivialorinsignificant.
c.Youcanhardlyfindenoughsourcematerialsorreferencestohelpinyourresearch.Suchatopicshouldbebroadenedaccordingly.
Therefore,choosingagoodtopicforresearchandresearchpaperwritingcouldbemuchmoredifficultthanexpected.Thedifficultyusuallyisnotthattheresearcherisignorantofwhatholdsinterestforhim,buthardtohaveclearideas.
4)Judgmentsofthesignificanceorvalue:
Yourawarenessofthesig