麦肯锡管理下一代的IT基础架构的分析报告Word格式文档下载.docx

麦肯锡管理下一代的IT基础架构的分析报告Word格式文档下载.docx

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Inrecentyears,companieshaveworkedhardtoreducethecostoftheITinfrastructure—thedatacenters,networks,databases,andsoftwaretoolsthatsupportbusinesses.Theseeffortstoconsolidate,standardize,andstreamlineassets,technologies,andprocesseshavedeliveredmajorsavings.Yeteventhemosteffectivecost-cuttingprogrameventuallyhitsawall:

thecomplexityoftheinfrastructureitself.

Therootcauseofthiscomplexityisthebuild-to-ordermind-settraditionalinmostITorganizations.Thetypicalinfrastructuremayseemtobehightechbutactuallyresemblesanold-fashionedautomobile:

handmadebyanexpertcraftspersonandcustomizedtothespecificationsofanindividualcustomer.Todayanapplicationdevelopertypicallyspecifiestheexactserverconfigurationforeachapplicationandtheinfrastructuregroupfulfillsthatrequest.Theresult:

thousandsofapplicationsilos,eachwithitsowncustom-configuredhardware,andajumbleofoftenincompatibleassetsthatgreatlylimitacompany'

sflexibilityandtimetomarket.Sinceeachservermaybeconfiguredtomeetanapplication'

speakdemand,whichisrarelyattained,vastamountsofexpensivecapacitysitunusedacrosstheinfrastructureatanygiventime.Moreover,applicationsaretightlylinkedtoindividualserversandstoragedevices,sotheexcesscapacitycan'

tbeshared.

Now,however,technologicaladvances—combinedwithnewskillsandmanagementpractices—allowcompaniestoshedthisbuild-to-orderapproach.Adecadeintothechallengingtransitiontodistributedcomputing,infrastructuregroupsaremanagingclient-serverandWeb-centeredarchitectureswithgrowingauthority.Companiesareadoptingstandardizedapplicationplatformsanddevelopmentlanguages.Andtoday'

shigh-performanceprocessors,storageunits,andnetworksensurethatinfrastructureelementsrarelyneedhand-tuningtomeettherequirementsofapplications.

Inresponsetothesechanges,someleadingcompaniesarebeginningtoadoptanentirelynewmodelofinfrastructuremanagement—moreoff-the-shelfthanbuild-to-order.Insteadofspecifyingthehardwareandtheconfigurationneededforabusinessapplication（"

Ineedthisparticularmaker,model,andconfigurationformynetwork-attachedstoragebox..."

）,developersspecifyaservicerequirement（"

Ineedstoragewithhigh-speedscalability..."

）;

ratherthanbuildingsystemstoorder,infrastructuregroupscreateportfoliosof"

productized,"

reusableservices.Streamlined,automatedprocessesandtechnologiescreatea"

factory"

thatdeliverstheseproductsinoptimalfashion（Exhibit1）.Asproductordersrollin,afactorymanagermonitorstheinfrastructureforcapacity-planningandsourcingpurposes.

Withthismodel,fillinganITrequirementisratherlikeshoppingbycatalog.Adeveloperwhoneedsastorageproduct,forinstance,choosesfromaportfolioofoptions,eachdescribedbyservicelevel（suchasspeed,capacity,oravailability）andpricedaccordingtotheinfrastructureassetsconsumed（say,$7amonthforagigabyteofmanagedstorage）.Thesystem'

stransparencyhelpsbusinessusersunderstandhowdemanddrivestheconsumptionandcostofresources.

Companiesthatmakethetransitiongainbigbusinessbenefits.Byreducingcomplexity,eliminatingredundantactivity,andboostingtheutilizationofassets,theycanmaketheirinfrastructure20to30percentmoreproductive—ontopofthebenefitfrompreviousefficiencyefforts—therebyprovidingfargreateroutputandflexibility.Evenlargersavingscanbeachievedbyusinglow-cost,commodityassetswhenpossible.Developersnolongermustspecifyanapplication'

stechnicalunderpinningsandcanthereforefocusonworkthatdeliversgreaterbusinessvalue;

thenewmodelimprovestimestomarketfornewapplications.

Nevertheless,makingthistransitioncallsformajororganizationalchanges.Applicationdevelopersmustbecomeadeptatforecastingandmanagingdemandsothat,inturn,infrastructuregroupscanmanagecapacitymoretightly.Infrastructuregroupsmustdevelopnewcapabilitiesinproductmanagementandpricingaswellasintroducenewtechnologiessuchasgridcomputingandvirtualization.1AsforCIOs,theymustputinplaceanewmodelofgovernancetomanagethenewinfrastructureorganization.

Theroadforward

DeutscheTelekomknowsfirsthandthechallengesinvolved:

over18months,hopingtobalanceITsupplyanddemand,itimplementedthisnewinfrastructure-managementmodelattwodivisions（seesidebar,"

Next-generationinfrastructureatDeutscheTelekom"

）.Intheolddays,thecompany'

sITinfrastructure,likemost,wasalandscapeofapplicationsilos.Todayaccurateforecastsofuserdemandarecritical,sonewlymintedproductmanagersmusttakeahorizontalview,acrossapplications,toassessthetotalneedsofthebusinessandcreatetherightproducts.Theymustthenworkcloselywithinfrastructureteamstoalignsupply—infrastructureassetssuchashardware,software,andstorage—withdemand.

Inthepast,employeesoftheinfrastructurefunctionwereordertakers.Now,theycanbemoreentrepreneurial,choosingthemixofhardware,software,andtechnologythatoptimizestheinfrastructure.Tokeepcostslow,theycanphaseingridsoflow-endservers,cheaperstoragedisks,andothercommodityresources.Factorymanagersnowfocusonautomatingand"

industrializing"

production.AlthoughDeutscheTelekom'

stwodivisionsdidn'

tradicallychangetheirorganizationalorreportingstructures,ITgovernancenowseekstoensurethatproductandservicelevelsareconsistentacrossbusinessunitsinordertominimizecostsandtoimprovetheinfrastructure'

soverallperformance.

Whatwe'

veseenatDeutscheTelekomandothercompaniessuggeststhatcreatinganext-generationinfrastructureinvolvesactiononthreefronts:

segmentinguserdemand,developingproductlikeservicesacrossbusinessunits,andcreatingsharedfactoriestostreamlinethedeliveryofIT.

Segmentinguserdemand

LargeITorganizationssupportthousandsofapplications,hundredsofphysicalsites,andtensofthousandsofendusers.Allthreeoftheseelementsarecriticaldriversofinfrastructuredemand:

applicationsrequireserversandstorage,sitesneednetworkconnectivity,anduserswantaccesstodesktops,laptops,PDAs,andsoforth.Tostandardizethesesegments,anITorganizationmustfirstdevelopadeepunderstandingoftheshapeofcurrentdemandforinfrastructureservicesandhowthatdemandwillmostlikelyevolve.Thenitneedstocategorizedemandintosegments（suchasuptime,throughput,andscalability）thataremeaningfultobusinessusers.

Whengroupedinthisway,mostapplicationsfallintoarelativelysmallnumberofclusters.Apharmaceuticalmanufacturer,forinstance,foundthatmostofabusinessunit'

sexistingandplannedapplicationsfellintooneoffivecategories,includingsalesforceapplicationsthatneedaround-the-clocksupportandoff-lineavailabilityandenterpriseapplicationsthatmustscaleuptothousandsofusersandhandlebatchtransactionsefficiently.

Incontrast,atypicalwholesalebank'

sapplicationportfoliohasmoresegments,withawiderrangeofneeds.Someapplications—suchasderivatives,pricing,andrisk-managementtools—mustexecutecomputation-intensiveanalysesinminutesratherthanhours.Funds-transferapplicationsallowforlittleornodowntime;

program-tradingapplicationsmustexecutetransactionsinmillisecondsorriskcompromisingtradingstrategies.

Althoughsimplebycomparison,theneedsofphysicalsitesandusergroupscanbecategorizedinasimilarway.Onemarketing-servicescompanythatevaluateditsnetworkarchitecture,forexample,segmenteditssitesintoofficeswithmorethan100seats,thosewith25to100,andremotebrancheswithfewerthan25.Acablesystemsoperatordivideditsusersintoseniorexecutiveswith"

concierge-support"

needs,professionalemployees,call-centeragents,andfieldtechnicians.

Mostcompaniesfindthatdefiningthespecificinfrastructureneedsofapplications,sites,andusersisthekeychallengeofsegmentingdemand.Majorissuesincludethetimeandfrequencyofneed,thenumberofusers,theamountofdowntimethatisacceptable,andtheimportanceofspeed,scalability,andmobility.

Standardizingproducts

Oncetheinfrastructuregrouphasassessedcurrentandfuturedemand,itcandevelopasetofproductlike,reusableservicesforthreesegments:

managementandstorageproductsforapplications,accessproductssuchasdesktopsandlaptopsforendusers,andnetwork-accessproductsforvarioussites.Foreachofthesethreeproductlines,thegroupmustthenmakeaseriesofdecisionsatboththeportfolioandtheproductlevel.

Attheportfoliolevel,ithastomakedecisionsaboutthescope,depth,andbreadthofproductofferings,withaneyetowardoptimizingresourcesandminimizingcosts.Exceptionsmustbedetailedupfront.Thegroupmaydecide,forexample,againstofferingproductstosupportapplicationswithstringentrequirements,suchasvery-low-latencyprocessing;

theseapplicationsmaybebetterbuilt"

byhand"

and"

fromthegroundup."

Otherapplications,suchaslegacyones,maybebetterleftoutsidethenewmodelifthey'

rerunningwellandcan'

teasilybeportedtonewhardware.Thegroupshouldalsodecidehowtointroducenewtechnologiesandtomigrateexistingapplicationsthatareeasiertomove.

Attheproductlevel,thegroupmustdefinethefeatures,servicelevels,andpriceofeac