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EugeneO’Neil(1888-1953)
VI.Contemporaryliterature(当代文学):
(1945-)
II.TheRevolutionaryperiod(革命时期):
(1765-18世纪末)
BenjaminFranklin(1706-1790):
1.Summary:
OneofthegreatestfoundingfathersoftheAmericanNation
Firstgreatself-mademaninAmerica
TheembodimentofAmericandream
2.Majorworks:
TheAutobiography《自传》:
thefirstofitskindinliterature,oneoftheclassicsofthegenre
PoorRichard’sAlmanack《穷人理查德的年历》
III.TheRomanticperiod(浪漫主义时期):
Novelist,poet,critic
goodatwritingGothic(哥特式)anddetectivefiction
Fatherofwesterndetectivestoriesandpsychoanalyticcriticism
Poetry
TheRaven《乌鸦》
ToHelen《献给海伦》
Shortstories
Horror(suspense,terror,Insanity,death,Revengeandrebirth)
TheFalloftheHouseofUsher《厄舍古屋的倒塌》
TheMasqueoftheRedDeath《红色死亡的化妆舞会》
TheBlackCat《黑猫》
TheCaskofAmontillado《一桶白葡萄酒》
Ligeia《丽姬娅》
Detective/ratiocinative(推理的)(originator)
ThePurloinedLetter《窃信案》
TheMuderintheRueMorgue《莫格街谋杀案》
TheMysteryofMarieRog《玛丽.罗热疑案》
TheGoldBug《金甲虫》
AmericanTranscendentalism
(美国超验主义)
(1830s-CivilWar)
SummitofRomanticism/AmericanRenaissance
1.Appearance
1836,“Nature”byEmerson
2.FeaturesofTranscendentalism
(1).Spirit(思想)/Oversoul(超灵)
(2).importanceofindividualism
(3).nature–symbolofspirit/God;
garmentoftheoversoul
(4).focusinintuition(irrationalismandsubconsciousness)
RalphWaldoEmerson(1803-1882):
Americanessayist,lecturer,poet
TheFounderofTranscendentalism
Nature《论自然》:
themanifestoofAmericantranscendentalism
TheAmericanScholar《论美国学者》:
American'
sDeclarationofIntellectualIndependence
Self-reliance《论自助》
AmericanEssayist,Poet,Philosopher
2.MajorWorks
CivilDisobedience«
论公民之不服从»
Walden,orLifeinthewoods《瓦尔登湖,或林中的生活》:
WaldenisarecordofThoreau’stwoyearexperimentoflivingaloneatWaldenpondinaself-builthouseattheedgeofthewoods.
LateRomanticism
NathanielHawthorne(1804-1864):
Americannovelistandshortstorywriter
2.Hispointofview:
HawthorneisinfluencedbyPuritanism(清教主义)deeply.
(1).Evilisatthecoreofhumanlife
(2).wheneverthereissin,thereispunishment.Sinorevilcanbepassedfromgenerationtogeneration
(3).Evileducates.
(4).Hehasdisgustinscience.Onesourceofevilisoverweening(自负的)(tooproudofoneself)intellect.Hisintellectualcharactersarevillains,dreadfulandcold-blooded
3.MajorWorks
TheScarletLetter《红字》
HermanMelville(1819-1891):
Novelist,Poet
Majorworks:
MobyDick《白鲸》,1851
Maincharacters:
Ishmael(以实玛利):
thenarrator
Ahab(埃哈伯):
theprotagonist
MobyDick
Americanpoet,essayist,journalist,andhumanist/
Thefatheroffreeverse(自由诗)
LeavesofGrass《草叶集》
Famouspoems
SongofMyself《自我之歌》
One’sSelfISing《我歌唱一个人的自己》
OCaptain!
MyCaptain!
《噢,我的船长!
我的船长!
》
3.Writingthemes(almosteverything):
Ø
equalityofthingsandbeings
divinityofeverything
Immanence(无所不在)ofGod
democracy
evolutionofcosmos(宇宙)
multiplicityofnature
self-reliantspirit
death,beautyofdeath
expansionofAmerica
brotherhoodandsocialsolidarity(团结一致)(unityofnationsintheworld)
pursuitofloveandhappiness
4.Style:
“freeverse(自由诗):
theversethatdoesnotfollowafixedmetricalpattern,theversewithoutafixedbeatorregularrhymescheme.
(1).Parallelism(排比)
(2).phoneticrecurrence(同字起句法)(therepetitionofwordsorphrasesatthebeginningoftheline,inthemiddleorattheend)
(3).theuseofacertainpronoun“I”(thefirstpersonnarrator)
(4).strongtendencytouseoralEnglish
(5).thehabitofusingsnapshots
(6).alooserandmoreopen-endedsyntacticstructure
(7).useofconventionalimage
(8).vocabulary–powerful,colourful,rarelyusedwordsofforeignorigins,someevenwrong
(9).sentences–cataloguetechnique:
longlistofnames,longpoemlines
5.SignificanceofLeavesofGrass
LeavesofGrass,eitherincontentorinform,isanepoch-makingworkinAmericanliterature:
→ItsdemocraticcontentmarkedtheshiftfromRomanticismtoRealism.
→Itsfree-verseformbrokefromoldpoeticconventionstoopenanewwayforAmericanpoetry.
Americanpoet
Shewrotealtogether1775poems,ofwhichonly7appearedinprintinherlifetime.
2.Somefamouspoems:
IDiedforBeauty
BecauseICan’tStopforDeath
ANarrowFellowintheGrass
IHeardaFlyBuzz—WhenIDied
ToMakeaPrairie
I’mNobody
3.Theme
Mainlybasedonherownexperiences/joys/sorrows(innerworld):
(1).Deathandimmortality
(2).Love—sufferingsandfrustrationcausedbylove
(3).Nature-Kindandcruel
(4).Religion-doubtandbeliefaboutreligioussubjects
(5).Beauty(beauty,truthandgoodnessareultimatelyone)
(6).physicalaspectofdesire
(7).freewillandhumanresponsibility
4.Style
1).Poemswithouttitles
2).Useofcapitalletters–emphasisanddashes-createcadence(抑扬顿挫)
3).Economyofexpression.(Plainestwords,directness,brevity)
4).Shortpoems,mainlytwostanzas
5).Freshandstrangeimages
6).Boldandunconventionalandoftenstartlingmetaphors
7).Rhetorictechniques:
personification—makesomeabstractideasvivid
8).off-rhyme(半韻)anddefamiliarization(陌生化)
IV.TheAmericanRealism现实主义时期(1865-1918)
1.ThreeGiantsinRealisticPeriod
WilliamDeanHowells
–“DeanofAmericanRealism”
HenryJames
MarkTwain
2.Comparison:
Theme:
Howells–middleclass,James–upperclass,Twain–lowerclass
Technique:
Howells–smiling/genteelrealism
James–psychologicalrealism
Twain–localcolourismandcolloquialism
MarkTwain(1835-1910):
Americanwriter,shortstorywriter/
Humorist
TheCelebratedjumpingFrogofCalaverasCounty
(1865)
《卡拉维拉县弛名的跳蛙》
InnocentsAbroad
(1869)《傻子国外旅行记》
TheAdventuresofTomSawyer
(1876)《汤姆.索亚历险记》
LifeontheMississippi
(1883)《密西西比河上》
TheAdventuresofHuckleberryFinn(1886)《哈克贝里.费恩历险记》:
AllmodernAmericanliteraturecomesfromhismasterpiece“TheAdventuresofHuckleberryFinn.”——ErnestHemingway
3.Style:
(1).colloquiallanguage(口语),vernacular(本土的)language,dialects
(2).localcolour
(3).syntacticfeature:
sentencesaresimple,brief,andsometimesungrammatical
(4).humour
(5).talltales(highlyexaggerated)(荒诞不经的故事)
(6).socialcriticism(satireonthedifferentuglythingsinsociety)
4.Contribution
OneofMarkTwain’ssignificantcontributionstoAmericanliteratureliesinthefactthathemadecolloquialspeechanaccepted,respectableliterarymediumintheliteraryhistoryofthecountry.
AnAmericanandBritishnovelist,literarycritic
Founderofpsychologicalrealism
Firstofthemodernpsychologicalnovelist
Initiatoroftheinternationaltheme:
AmericaninnocenceinfaceofEuropeansophistication
DaisyMiller(1878)《戴茜·
米勒》
ThePortraitofaLady(1881)《贵妇的肖像》
TheWingsoftheDove(1902)《鸽翼》
TheAmbassadors(1903)《专使》
TheGoldenBowl(1904)《金碗》
TheArtofFiction(1884)《小说的艺术》
3.HisPointofview
(1).Psychologicalanalysis,forefatherofstreamofconsciousness
(2).Psychologicalrealism
(3).Highly-refinedlanguage
4.Style–“stylist”
(1).Language:
highly-refined,polished,insightful,andaccurate
(2).Vocabulary:
large
(3).Construction:
complicated,intricate
Naturalism(自然主义)
1.Background:
(1).Darwin’stheory:
“naturalselection”
(2).Spenser’sidea:
“socialDarwinism”
(3).FrenchNaturalism:
Zora
2.Features
(1).environmentandheredity
(2).scientificaccuracyandalotofdetails
(3).generaltone:
ironicandpessimistic,hopelessness,despair,gloom,uglysideofthesociety
StephenCrane(1881-1900)
Novelist,poet
Pioneerinthenaturalistictradition
Precursors(先驱)ofImagistpoetry
2.MajorWorks:
Maggie:
AGirloftheStreets《街头女郎麦姬》:
thefirstnaturalisticnovelinAmerica
TheRedBadgeofCourage《红色英勇勋章》
TheOpenBoat《海上扁舟》
V.AMERICANMODERNISM(1918-1945)
(美国现代主义)
FamousAmericannovelist,shortstorywriter,andessayist
therepresentativeofthe1920s
thespokesmanfortheJazzAge
oneofthe“lostgeneration”writers
ThisSideofParadise(1920)《人间天堂》
TalesoftheJazzAge(1922)《爵士乐时代的故事》
TenderIstheNight(1934)《夜色温柔》
TheGreatGatsby(1925)《了不起的盖茨比》:
Narrativepointofview–NickCarraway
ThedeclineoftheAmericanDream
(1).Heexpressedwhattheyoungpeoplebelievedinthe1920s,theso-called“AmericanDream”isfalseinnature.
(2).Hehadalwaysbeencriticaloftherichandtriedtoshowtheintegratingeffectsofmoneyontheemotionalmake-upofhischaracter.Hefoundthatwealthalteredpeople’scharacters,makingthemmeananddistrusted.Hethinksmoneybrou