陶洁版 美国文学期末笔记Word文件下载.docx

1、Eugene O Neil （1888-1953）VI. Contemporary literature（当代文学）:（1945- ）II. The Revolutionary period（革命时期）: （1765-18世纪末）Benjamin Franklin（1706-1790）：1. Summary: One of the greatest founding fathers of the American NationFirst great self-made man in AmericaThe embodiment of American dream 2. Major works:T

2、he Autobiography 自传：the first of its kind in literature, one of the classics of the genrePoor Richards Almanack穷人理查德的年历 III. The Romantic period （浪漫主义时期）: Novelist, poet, critic good at writing Gothic（哥特式） and detective fictionFather of western detective stories and psychoanalytic criticismPoetry Th

3、e Raven乌鸦To Helen献给海伦Short storiesHorror （ suspense, terror, Insanity, death，Revenge and rebirth）The Fall of the House of Usher厄舍古屋的倒塌The Masque of the Red Death 红色死亡的化妆舞会The Black Cat黑猫The Cask of Amontillado一桶白葡萄酒Ligeia丽姬娅Detective /ratiocinative（推理的）（originator）The Purloined Letter 窃信案The Muder i

4、n the Rue Morgue 莫格街谋杀案The Mystery of Marie Rog玛丽.罗热疑案The Gold Bug 金甲虫American Transcendentalism （美国超验主义） （1830s- Civil War）Summit of Romanticism/ American Renaissance1. Appearance1836, “Nature” by Emerson2. Features of Transcendentalism（1）. Spirit（思想）/Oversoul（超灵）（2）. importance of individualism（3）

5、. nature symbol of spirit/God；garment of the oversoul（4）. focus in intuition （irrationalism and subconsciousness）Ralph Waldo Emerson （1803-1882）:American essayist, lecturer, poet The Founder of TranscendentalismNature论自然： the manifesto of American transcendentalismThe American Scholar论美国学者: American

6、s Declaration of Intellectual IndependenceSelf-reliance论自助American Essayist, Poet, Philosopher 2. Major WorksCivil Disobedience 论公民之不服从Walden , or Life in the woods 瓦尔登湖，或林中的生活: Walden is a record of Thoreaus two year experiment of living alone at Walden pond in a self-built house at the edge of the

7、 woods.Late RomanticismNathaniel Hawthorne （1804-1864）:American novelist and short story writer2. His point of view : Hawthorne is influenced by Puritanism（清教主义） deeply. （1）. Evil is at the core of human life（2）.whenever there is sin, there is punishment. Sin or evil can be passed from generation to

8、 generation（3）. Evil educates.（4）. He has disgust in science. One source of evil is overweening （自负的） （too proud of oneself） intellect . His intellectual characters are villains, dreadful and cold-blooded3. Major WorksThe Scarlet Letter红字Herman Melville （1819-1891）: Novelist, PoetMajor works:Moby Di

9、ck 白鲸,1851 Main characters:Ishmael（以实玛利）: the narratorAhab（埃哈伯）: the protagonist Moby Dick American poet, essayist, journalist, and humanist/The father of free verse（自由诗）Leaves of Grass草叶集Famous poems Song of Myself自我之歌 Ones Self I Sing 我歌唱一个人的自己 O Captain! My Captain! 噢，我的船长！我的船长！ 3. Writing themes

10、 （almost everything）:equality of things and beingsdivinity of everythingImmanence（无所不在） of Goddemocracyevolution of cosmos（宇宙）multiplicity of natureself-reliant spiritdeath, beauty of deathexpansion of Americabrotherhood and social solidarity（团结一致） （unity of nations in the world）pursuit of love and

11、happiness4. Style: “free verse（自由诗）: the verse that does not follow a fixed metrical pattern, the verse without a fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme.（1）.Parallelism（排比）（2）.phonetic recurrence（同字起句法）（the repetition of words or phrases at the beginning of the line, in the middle or at the end）（3）.the

12、use of a certain pronoun “I” （the first person narrator）（4）.strong tendency to use oral English （5）.the habit of using snapshots（6）.a looser and more open-ended syntactic structure（7）.use of conventional image（8）.vocabulary powerful, colourful, rarely used words of foreign origins, some even wrong（9

13、）. sentences catalogue technique: long list of names, long poem lines5. Significance of Leaves of Grass Leaves of Grass, either in content or in form, is an epoch-making work in American literature:Its democratic content marked the shift from Romanticism to Realism.Its free-verse form broke from old

14、 poetic conventions to open a new way for American poetry. American poetShe wrote altogether 1775 poems, of which only 7 appeared in print in her lifetime. 2. Some famous poems:I Died for BeautyBecause I Cant Stop for DeathA Narrow Fellow in the GrassI Heard a Fly BuzzWhen I DiedToMake a Prairie Im

15、Nobody 3. ThemeMainly based on her own experiences/joys/sorrows （inner world）:（1）. Death and immortality（2） .Lovesufferings and frustration caused by love（3） .Nature-Kind and cruel（4）. Religion-doubt and belief about religious subjects（5） .Beauty （beauty, truth and goodness are ultimately one） （6）.

16、physical aspect of desire（7）. free will and human responsibility4. Style1）. Poems without titles2） .Use of capital letters emphasis and dashes-create cadence （抑扬顿挫）3）.Economy of expression. （Plainest words, directness, brevity）4）. Short poems, mainly two stanzas5）. Fresh and strange images6） .Bold a

17、nd unconventional and often startling metaphors7） .Rhetoric techniques: personification make some abstract ideas vivid 8）. off-rhyme（半韻） and defamiliarization（陌生化）IV. The American Realism 现实主义时期 （1865-1918）1. Three Giants in Realistic Period William Dean Howells “Dean of American Realism”Henry James

18、Mark Twain2. Comparison:Theme:Howells middle class，James upper class，Twain lower classTechnique:Howells smiling/genteel realismJames psychological realismTwain local colourism and colloquialismMark Twain （1835-1910）:American writer, short story writer/HumoristThe Celebrated jumping Frog of Calaveras

19、 County（1865）卡拉维拉县弛名的跳蛙Innocents Abroad （1869） 傻子国外旅行记 The Adventures of Tom Sawyer （1876） 汤姆.索亚历险记 Life on the Mississippi （1883） 密西西比河上The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn （1886）哈克贝里.费恩历险记: All modern American literature comes from his masterpiece “The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.”Ernest Hemingwa

20、y3. Style:（1）. colloquial language（口语）, vernacular （本土的）language, dialects（2）. local colour（3）. syntactic feature: sentences are simple, brief, and sometimes ungrammatical（4）. humour（5）. tall tales （highly exaggerated） （荒诞不经的故事）（6）. social criticism （satire on the different ugly things in society）4.

21、 Contribution One of Mark Twains significant contributions to American literature lies in the fact that he made colloquial speech an accepted, respectable literary medium in the literary history of the country. An American and British novelist, literary critic Founder of psychological realismFirst o

22、f the modern psychological novelistInitiator of the international theme: American innocence in face of European sophisticationDaisy Miller （1878）戴茜米勒 The Portrait of a Lady （1881） 贵妇的肖像 The Wings of the Dove （1902）鸽翼The Ambassadors （1903）专使The Golden Bowl （1904）金碗The Art of Fiction（1884）小说的艺术3. His

23、Point of view（1）. Psychological analysis, forefather of stream of consciousness（2）.Psychological realism（3）. Highly-refined language4. Style “stylist”（1）. Language: highly-refined, polished, insightful, and accurate（2）.Vocabulary: large（3）. Construction: complicated, intricateNaturalism（自然主义）1. Back

24、ground:（1）. Darwins theory: “natural selection”（2）.Spensers idea: “social Darwinism”（3）. French Naturalism: Zora2. Features（1）. environment and heredity（2）. scientific accuracy and a lot of details（3）. general tone: ironic and pessimistic, hopelessness, despair, gloom, ugly side of the societyStephe

25、n Crane （1881-1900） Novelist, poetPioneer in the naturalistic traditionPrecursors（先驱） of Imagist poetry2. Major Works:Maggie: A Girl of the Streets 街头女郎麦姬: the first naturalistic novel in AmericaThe Red Badge of Courage 红色英勇勋章The Open Boat海上扁舟V. AMERICAN MODERNISM （1918-1945）（美国现代主义）Famous American

26、novelist, short story writer, and essayist the representative of the 1920s the spokesman for the Jazz Age one of the“lost generation” writersThis Side of Paradise （1920） 人间天堂Tales of the Jazz Age （1922） 爵士乐时代的故事Tender Is the Night （1934） 夜色温柔The Great Gatsby （1925） 了不起的盖茨比:Narrative point of view Ni

27、ck Carraway The decline of the American Dream（1）. He expressed what the young people believed in the 1920s, the so-called “American Dream” is false in nature.（2）. He had always been critical of the rich and tried to show the integrating effects of money on the emotional make-up of his character. He found that wealth altered peoples characters, making them mean and distrusted. He thinks money brou