化学方程式300例Word格式.docx
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(33)N2+6K===2K3N
(34)P2+6H2===4PH3
(35)P+3Na===Na3P
2.还原性
(36)S+O2===SO2
(37)S+6HNO3(浓)===H2SO4+6NO2+2H2O
(38)3S+4HNO3(稀)===3SO2+4NO+2H2O
(39)N2+O2===2NO
(40)4P+5O2===P4O10(常写成P2O5)
(41)2P+3X2===2PX3(X表示F2,Cl2,Br2)
(42)PX3+X2===PX5
(43)P4+20HNO3(浓)===4H3PO4+20NO2+4H2O
(44)C+2F2===CF4
(45)C+2Cl2===CCl4
(46)2C+O2(少量)===2CO
(47)C+O2(足量)===CO2
(48)C+CO2===2CO
(49)C+H2O===CO+H2(生成水煤气)
(50)2C+SiO2===Si+2CO(制得粗硅)
(51)Si(粗)+2Cl2===SiCl4
(52)SiCl4+2H2===Si(纯)+4HCl
(53)Si(粉)+O2===SiO2
(54)Si+C===SiC(金刚砂)
(55)Si+2NaOH+H2O===Na2SiO3+2H2↑
3,(碱中)歧化
(56)Cl2+H2O===HCl+HClO
(加酸抑制歧化,加碱或光照促进歧化)
(57)Cl2+2NaOH===NaCl+NaClO+H2O
(58)2Cl2+2Ca(OH)2===CaCl2+Ca(ClO)2+2H2O
(59)3Cl2+6KOH(热,浓)===5KCl+KClO3+3H2O
(60)3S+6NaOH===2Na2S+Na2SO3+3H2O
(61)4P+3KOH(浓)+3H2O===PH3+3KH2PO2
(62)11P+15CuSO4+24H2O===5Cu3P+6H3PO4+15H2SO4
(63)3C+CaO===CaC2+CO
第二篇
金属单质(Na,Mg,Al,Fe)的还原性
(64)2Na+H2===2NaH
(65)4Na+O2===2Na2O
(66)2Na2O+O2===2Na2O2
(67)2Na+O2===Na2O2
(68)2Na+S===Na2S(研磨爆炸)
(69)2Na+2H2O===2NaOH+H2↑
(70)2Na+2NH3===2NaNH2+H2
(71)4Na+TiCl4(熔融)===4NaCl+Ti
(72)Mg+Cl2===MgCl2
(73)Mg+Br2===MgBr2
(74)2Mg+O2===2MgO
(75)Mg+S===MgS
(76)Mg+2H2O===Mg(OH)2+H2↑
(77)2Mg+TiCl4(熔融)===Ti+2MgCl2
(78)2Mg+CO2===2MgO+C
(79)2Mg+SiO2===2MgO+Si
(80)Mg+H2S===MgS+H2
(81)Mg+H2SO4===MgSO4+H2↑
(82)2Al+3Cl2===2AlCl3
(83)4Al+3O2===2Al2O3(钝化)
(84)4Al(Hg)+3O2+2xH2O===2(Al2O3.xH2O)+4Hg
(85)4Al+3MnO2===2Al2O3+3Mn
(86)2Al+Cr2O3===Al2O3+2Cr
(87)2Al+Fe2O3===Al2O3+2Fe
(88)2Al+3FeO===Al2O3+3Fe
(89)2Al+6HCl===2AlCl3+3H2↑
(90)2Al+3H2SO4===Al2(SO4)3+3H2↑
(91)2Al+6H2SO4(浓)===Al2(SO4)3+3SO2↑+6H2O
(Al,Fe在冷,浓的H2SO4,HNO3中钝化)
(92)Al+4HNO3(稀)===Al(NO3)3+NO↑+2H2O
(93)2Al+2NaOH+2H2O===2NaAlO2+3H2↑
(94)2Fe+3Br2===2FeBr3
(95)Fe+I2===FeI2
(96)Fe+S===FeS
(97)3Fe+4H2O(g)===Fe3O4+4H2↑
(98)Fe+2HCl===FeCl2+H2↑
(99)Fe+CuCl2===FeCl2+Cu
(100)Fe+SnCl4===FeCl2+SnCl2
(铁在酸性环境下,不能把四氯化锡完全
还原为单质锡Fe+SnCl2==FeCl2+Sn)
第三篇
非金属氢化物(HF,HCl,H2O,H2S,NH3)
1、还原性:
(101)4HCl(浓)+MnO2===MnCl2+Cl2↑+2H2O
(102)4HCl(g)+O2===2Cl2+2H2O
(103)16HCl+2KMnO4===2KCl+2MnCl2+5Cl2↑+8H2O
(104)14HCl+K2Cr2O7===2KCl+2CrCl3+3Cl2↑+7H2O
(105)2H2O+2F2===4HF+O2
(106)2H2S+3O2(足量)===2SO2+2H2O
(107)2H2S+O2(少量)===2S+2H2O
(108)2H2S+SO2===3S+2H2O
(109)H2S+H2SO4(浓)===S+SO2+2H2O
(110)3H2S+2HNO3(稀)===3S+2NO+4H2O
(111)5H2S+2KMnO4+3H2SO4===2MnSO4+K2SO4+5S+8H2O
(112)3H2S+K2Cr2O7+4H2SO4===Cr2(SO4)3+K2SO4+3S+7H2O
(113)H2S+4Na2O2+2H2O===Na2SO4+6NaOH
(114)2NH3+3CuO===3Cu+N2+3H2O
(115)2NH3+3Cl2===N2+6HCl
(116)8NH3+3Cl2===N2+6NH4Cl
(117)4NH3+3O2(纯氧)===2N2+6H2O
(118)4NH3+5O2===4NO+6H2O
(119)4NH3+6NO===5N2+6H2O(用氨清除NO)
(120)NaH+H2O===NaOH+H2↑
(121)CaH2+2H2O===Ca(OH)2+2H2↑
2、酸性:
(122)4HF+SiO2===SiF4+2H2O
(此反应广泛应用于测定矿样或钢样中SiO2的含量)
(123)H2S+Fe===FeS+H2↑
(124)H2S+CuCl2===CuS+2HCl
(125)H2S+2AgNO3===Ag2S+2HNO3
(126)H2S+HgCl2===HgS+2HCl
(127)H2S+Pb(NO3)2===PbS+2HNO3
(128)H2S+FeCl2===(不反应)_
(129)(NaNH2+H2O===NaOH+NH3)
3,碱性:
(130)NH3+HCl===NH4Cl
(131)NH3+HNO3===NH4NO3
(132)2NH3+H2SO4===(NH4)2SO4
(133)NH3+NaCl+H2O+CO2===NaHCO3+NH4Cl
(此反应用于工业制备小苏打,苏打)
4,不稳定性:
(134)2HF===H2+F2
(135)2HCl===H2+Cl2
(136)2H2O===2H2+O2
(137)2H2O2===2H2O+O2
(138)H2S===H2+S
(139)2NH3===N2+3H2
第四篇非金属氧化物
1、低价态的还原性:
(140)2SO2+O2+2H2O===2H2SO4
(这是SO2在大气中缓慢发生的环境化学反应)
(141)SO2+Cl2+2H2O===H2SO4+2HCl
(142)SO2+Br2+2H2O===H2SO4+2HBr
(143)SO2+I2+2H2O===H2SO4+2HI
(144)SO2+NO2===SO3+NO
(145)2NO+O2===2NO2
(146)NO+NO2+2NaOH===2NaNO2
(用于制硝酸工业中吸收尾气中的NO和NO2)
(147)2CO+O2===2CO2
(148)CO+CuO===Cu+CO2
(149)3CO+Fe2O3===2Fe+3CO2
(150)CO+H2O===CO2+H2
2、氧化性:
(151)SO2+2H2S===3S+2H2O
(152)SO3+2KI===K2SO3+I2
(153)NO2+2KI+H2O===NO+I2+2KOH
(不能用淀粉KI溶液鉴别溴蒸气和NO2)
(154)4NO2+H2S===4NO+SO3+H2O
(155)2NO2+Cu===4CuO+N2
(156)CO2+2Mg===2MgO+C
(CO2不能用于扑灭由Mg,Ca,Ba,Na,K等燃烧的火灾)
(157)SiO2+2H2===Si+2H2O
(158)SiO2+2Mg===2MgO+Si
3,与水的作用:
(159)SO2+H2O===H2SO3
(160)SO3+H2O===H2SO4
(161)3NO2+H2O===2HNO3+NO
(162)N2O5+H2O===2HNO3
(163)P2O5+H2O===2HPO3
(164)P2O5+3H2O===2H3PO4
(P2O5极易吸水,可作气体干燥剂)
(165)P2O5+3H2SO4(浓)===2H3PO4+3SO3
(166)CO2+H2O===H2CO3
4、与碱性物质的作用:
(167)SO2+2NH3+H2O===(NH4)2SO3
(168)SO2+(NH4)2SO3+H2O===2NH4HSO3
(这是硫酸厂回收SO2的反应.先用氨水吸收SO2,
再用H2SO4处理:
2NH4HSO3+H2SO4===(NH4)2SO4+2H2O+2SO2
生成的硫酸铵作化肥,SO2循环作原料气)
(169)SO2+Ca(OH)2===CaSO3+H2O
(不能用澄清石灰水鉴别SO2和CO2.可用品红鉴别)
(170)SO3+MgO===MgSO4
(171)SO3+Ca(OH)2===CaSO4+H2O
(172)CO2+2NaOH(过量)===Na2CO3+H2O
(173)CO2(过量)+NaOH===NaHCO3
(174)CO2+Ca(OH)2(过量)===CaCO3+H2O
(175)2CO2(过量)+Ca(OH)2===Ca(HCO3)2
(176)CO2+2NaAlO2+3H2O===2Al(OH)3+Na2CO3
(177)CO2+C6H5ONa+H2O===C6H5OH+NaHCO3
(178)SiO2+CaO===CaSiO3
(179)SiO2+2NaOH===Na2SiO3+H2O
(常温下强碱缓慢腐蚀玻璃)
(180)SiO2+Na2CO3===Na2SiO3+CO2
(181)SiO2+CaCO3===CaSiO3+CO2
第五篇金属氧化物
1,低价态的还原性:
(182)6FeO+O2===2Fe3O4
(183)FeO+4HNO3===Fe(NO3)3+NO2↑+2H2O
2,氧化性:
(184)Na2O2+2Na===2Na2O
(此反应用于制备Na2O)
MgO,Al2O3几乎没有氧化性,很难被还原为Mg,Al.
一般通过电解制Mg和Al.
(185)Fe2O3+3H2===2Fe+3H2O(制还原铁粉)
(186)Fe3O4+4H2===3Fe+4H2O
(187)Na2O+H2O===2NaOH
(188)2Na2O2+2H2O===4NaOH+O2↑
(此反应分两步:
Na2O2+2H2O===2NaOH+H2O2;
(189)2H2O2===2H2O+O2↑H2O2的制备可利用类似的反应:
(190)BaO2+H2SO4(稀)===BaSO4+H2O2
(191)MgO+H2O===Mg(OH)2(缓慢反应)
4,与酸性物质的作用:
(192)Na2O+SO3===Na2SO4
(193)Na2O+CO2===Na2CO3
(194)Na2O+2HCl===2NaCl+H2O
(195)2Na2O2+2CO2===2Na2CO3+O2
(196)Na2O2+H2SO4(冷,稀)===Na2SO4+H2O2
(197)MgO+SO3===MgSO4
(198)MgO+H2SO4===MgSO4+H2O
(199)Al2O3+3H2SO4===Al2(SO4)3+3H2O
(Al2O3是两性氧化物:
(200)Al2O3+2NaOH===2NaAlO2+H2O)
(201)FeO+2HCl===FeCl2+H2O
(202)Fe2O3+6HCl===2FeCl3+3H2O
(203)Fe3O4+8HCl===FeCl2+2FeCl3+4H2O
第六篇含氧酸
1,氧化性:
(204)4HClO3+3H2S===3H2SO4+4HCl
(205)HClO3+HI===HIO3+HCl
(206)3HClO+HI===HIO3+3HCl
(207)HClO+H2SO3===H2SO4+HCl
(208)HClO+H2O2===HCl+H2O+O2↑
(氧化性:
HClO>
HClO2>
HClO3>
HClO4,
但浓,热的HClO4氧化性很强)
(209)2H2SO4(浓)+C===CO2↑+2SO2↑+2H2O
(210)2H2SO4(浓)+S===3SO2↑+2H2O
H2SO4+Fe(Al)室温下钝化
(211)6H2SO4(浓)+2Fe===Fe2(SO4)3+3SO2↑+6H2O
(212)2H2SO4(浓)+Cu===CuSO4+SO2↑+2H2O
(213)H2SO4(浓)+2HBr===SO2+Br2+2H2O
(214)H2SO4(浓)+2HI===SO2+I2+2H2O
(215)H2SO4(稀)+Fe===FeSO4+H2↑
(216)2H2SO3+2H2S===3S+2H2O
(217)4HNO3(浓)+C===CO2+4NO2↑+2H2O
(218)6HNO3(浓)+S===H2SO4+6NO2↑+2H2O
(219)5HNO3(浓)+P===H3PO4+5NO2↑+H2O
(220)6HNO3+Fe===Fe(NO3)3+3NO2↑+3H2O
(221)4HNO3+Fe===Fe(NO3)3+NO↑+2H2O
(222)30HNO3+8Fe===8Fe(NO3)3+3N2O+15H2O
(223)36HNO3+10Fe===10Fe(NO3)3+3N2↑+18H2O
(224)30HNO3+8Fe===8Fe(NO3)3+3NH4NO3+9H2O
2,还原性:
(225)H2SO3+X2+H2O===H2SO4+2HX
(X表示Cl2,Br2,I2)
(226)2H2SO3+O2===2H2SO4
(227)H2SO3+H2O2===H2SO4+H2O
(228)5H2SO3+2KMnO4===2MnSO4+K2SO4+2H2SO4+3H2O
(229)H2SO3+2FeCl3+H2O===H2SO4+2FeCl2+2HCl
3,酸性:
(230)H2SO4(浓)+CaF2===CaSO4+2HF
(231)H2SO4(浓)+NaCl===NaHSO4+HCl
(232)H2SO4(浓)+2NaCl===Na2SO4+2HCl
(233)H2SO4(浓)+NaNO3===NaHSO4+HNO3
(234)3H2SO4(浓)+Ca3(PO4)2===3CaSO4+2H3PO4
(235)2H2SO4(浓)+Ca3(PO4)2===2CaSO4+Ca(H2PO4)2
(236)3HNO3+Ag3PO4===H3PO4+3AgNO3
(237)2HNO3+CaCO3===Ca(NO3)2+H2O+CO2
(用HNO3和浓H2SO4不能制备H2S,HI,HBr,(SO2)
等还原性气体)
(238)4H3PO4+Ca3(PO4)2===3Ca(H2PO4)2(重钙)
(239)H3PO4(浓)+NaBr===NaH2PO4+HBr
(240)H3PO4(浓)+NaI===NaH2PO4+HI
(241)2HClO===2HCl+O2
(242)4HNO3===4NO2+O2+2H2O
(243)H2SO3===H2O+SO2
(244)H2CO3===H2O+CO2
(245)H4SiO4===H2SiO3+H2O
第七篇碱
低价态的还原性:
(246)4Fe(OH)2+O2+2H2O===4Fe(OH)3
与酸性物质的作用:
(247)2NaOH+SO2(少量)===Na2SO3+H2O
(248)NaOH+SO2(足量)===NaHSO3
(249)2NaOH+SiO2===Na2SiO3+H2O
(250)2NaOH+Al2O3===2NaAlO2+H2O
(251)2NaOH+Cl2===NaCl+NaClO+H2O
(252)NaOH+HCl===NaCl+H2O
(253)NaOH+H2S(足量)===NaHS+H2O
(254)2NaOH+H2S(少量)===Na2S+2H2O
(255)3NaOH+AlCl3===Al(OH)3+3NaCl
(256)NaOH+Al(OH)3===NaAlO2+2H2O
(AlCl3和Al(OH)3哪个酸性强?
)
(257)NaOH+NH4Cl===NaCl+NH3+H2O
(258)Mg(OH)2+2NH4Cl===MgCl2+2NH3.H2O
(259)Al(OH)3+NH4Cl不溶解
3,不稳定性:
(260)Mg(OH)2===MgO+H2O
(261)2Al(OH)3===Al2O3+3H2O
(262)2Fe(OH)3===Fe2O3+3H2O
(263)Cu(OH)2===CuO+H2O
第八篇盐
(264)2FeCl3+Fe===3FeCl2
(265)2FeCl3+Cu===2FeCl2+CuCl2
(用于雕刻铜线路版)
(266)2FeCl3+Zn===2FeCl2+ZnCl2
(267)FeCl3+Ag===FeCl2+AgCl
(268)Fe2(SO4)3+2Ag===FeSO4+Ag2SO4(较难反应)
(269)2FeCl3+H2S===2FeCl2+2HCl+S
(270)2FeCl3+2KI===2FeCl2+2KCl+I2
(271)FeCl2+Mg===Fe+MgCl2
(272)2FeCl2+Cl2===2FeCl3
(273)3Na2S+8HNO3(稀)===6NaNO3+2NO↑+3S+4H2O
(274)3Na2SO3+2HNO3(稀)===3Na2SO4+2NO+H2O
(275)2Na2SO3+O2===2Na2SO4
3,与碱性物质的作用:
(276)MgCl2+2NH3.H2O===Mg(OH)2+NH4Cl
(277)AlCl3+3NH3.H2O===Al(OH)3+3NH4Cl
(278)FeCl3+3NH3.H2O===Fe(OH)3+3NH4Cl
(279)Na3PO4+HCl===Na2HPO4+NaCl
(280)Na2HPO4+HCl===NaH2PO4+NaCl
(281)NaH2PO4+HCl===H3PO4+NaCl
(282)Na2CO3+HCl===NaHCO3+NaCl
(283)NaHCO3+HCl===NaCl+H2O+CO2↑
(284)3Na2CO3+2AlCl3+3H2O===2Al(OH)3↓+3CO2↑+6NaCl
(285)3Na2CO3+2FeCl3+3H2O===2Fe(OH)3↓+3CO2↑+6NaCl
(286)3NaHCO3+AlCl3===Al(OH)3↓+3CO2↑+3NaCl
(287)3NaHCO3+FeCl3===Fe(OH)3↓+3CO2↑+3NaCl
(288)3Na2S+Al2(SO4)3+6H2O===2Al(OH)3+↓3H2S↑+3Na2SO4
(289)3NaAlO2+AlCl3+6H2O===4Al(OH)3↓+3NaCl
5,不稳定性:
(290)Na2S2O3+H2SO4===Na2SO4+S+SO2↑+H2O
△
(291)NH4Cl===NH3+HCl