专门用途英语文档格式.docx

专门用途英语文档格式.docx

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——ACaseStudyonReportingofIraqWar

顾方

【Abstract】criticallinguistics，alsoknownascriticallinguisticsstudyorcriticaldiscourseanalysis，isabranchofcriticaltheoryinthefieldoflinguistics．Itaimsatdisclosingtherelationshipbetweenlanguage，powerandideologyinperspectivesoflinguistics，sociology，psychologyandjournalism．Thispapergivesageneralintroductionofcriticallinguistics，itsoriginandmethodology，andpresentsfromfouranglesabriefcriticalanalysisofnewspaperarticlesonthereportingof“WaronIraq”asanillustration，soastounveilthepoliticalimplicationinthem．

【KeyWords】CriticalLinguistics；

WaronIraq；

Categorization；

Modality；

Nominalization；

Passivisation

【摘要】批评语言学，即批评语言学研究或批评语篇分析，是批评理论在语言学范畴内的一个分支，主要着眼于从语言学、社会学、心理学和传播学的角度来揭示语言、权力和意识形态之间的关系。

本文将概括地描述批评语言学的中心思想，其起源和方法论，并通过从分类、情态、名物化、被动化四个角度对代表不同意识形态的新闻就伊拉克战争的报道做批评性分析，从而来比较其背后隐含的政治暗示。

【关键词】批评语言学；

伊拉克战争；

分类；

情态；

名物化；

被动化

I.Introductory

Inhumansociety，theviewpointsonaparticularmatterofdifferentcommunitiesmaydifferthankstotheirhistory，culture，anduniquewaysintreatingthings．Asthecarriertoconveythe

thoughtsofhumanbeings，languagemaymoreorlesscontainideologicaltendencyofthespeakerwhenreferringtothatparticularmatter．Intheworldbombardedbymillionsofinformationeveryday，ifwewanttogettoourmindacertainevent，wehavetoreadthroughthereportingofdifferentmediawithagooddealofcomparisonandanalysisontheimplicationofthewording，thereforetoarriveatthetruthoftheevent．

Criticallinguisticsreferstothestudyoftheideologicalnatureoflanguageandthewaysinwhichlanguagereflectsthepowerstructureinsociety．Itunveilsfromanglesoflinguistics，sociology，psychologyandjournalismtherelationshipbetweenlanguage，powerandideology，consistingoftheeffectofideologyonthedevelopingofdiscourse，thecounteractionofdiscourseonideology，andhowtheystemfromandseryesocialstructureandpower（辛斌，1996）．ItistheveryeffectiveinstrumentforUStoanalysediscourse，newsreportsinparticular，SOastoreachthecomparativeobjectivityoftheevent．

WaronIraqin2003isnotonlyfamousforitbeinganunparalleledhitchwar，butforthewarofmediawiththeirwidespreadreporting．Inordertopenetratethroughthedisturbinginformationtomastertherealityofthiswar，weaudiencehavetoadoptcriticallinguisticstotreatthereports．

Thepaperisdividedinto3chapters．Chapter1istointroducebrieflytheemergence，itsphilosophicalbaseofcriticalsocialtheoryanditslinguisticbaseofSapir-WhorfHypothesisandSystemicFunctionalGrammarofM．A．K．Halliday．Chapter2isobseryingfromfouraspectsofCategorization，Modality，NominalizationandPassivisationthedifferentfeaturesofmediaoverWaronIraq，torevealthepoliticalimplicationofjournalisticEnglish．InCategorization，thepaperpaysspecialattentiontotheclassificationofthewordsusedintwopassageswhendescribingtheU．S．，SaddamRegimeandIraqis；

inModality，thepaperdiscussesfromdirectquotation，modalverbsandmodaladjectivestoexplainfurtherthepoliticalimplication；

inNominalization，thepaperanalyzesthroughthenounswordsthatconcealtheagentandavagueexpressionOfnumberstodisclosetheideologicalmeanings；

inPassivisation，severalexamplesarechosentocomparethedifferencebetweenpassivisationstructureandlinkingwordstructure．Chapter3willdrawnaturallytoanconclusionoftheimportanceofcriticallinguisticsinassistinganalyzingnewsreports．

II．CriticalLinguistics：

ABriefIntroduction

A．EmergenceofCriticalLinguistics

TheMassMediaResearchGroupoftheUniversityofGlasgow，U．K．publishedin1976theresultofso-called“badnews”inTVbroadcasting，unveilingaftersystematicanalysisthefactthattherewereagoodmanybiasedreportsongovernmentandindustrialcapitalistsintheindustrialnewsbroadcasting．Thisgroupalsobeganthecriticalanalysisonnewsreportingafterward，which，togetherwiththepreviousone，ledtotheemergenceofcriticallinguistics．In1979，LanguageandControlchief-editedbyRogerFowlerwaspublished，inthelastchapterofwhichFowlerandKressforthefirsttimeputforwardabrandnewconceptof“criticallinguistics”，andmanifestedbrieflyitstheoreticalsourceoffunctionallinguisticsandanalyzinginstruments．Thisbook’seditorsandauthorswereRoger’scolleaguesintheUniversityofEastAnglia，whomainlyfocusedontheresearchofthelinguisticstructureofthenewsandstressedlinguisticsbaseoftheresearch．ThepublicationofLanguageandControlsymbolizedthefirstofficialappearanceofcriticallinguistics．（陈中竺，1995）

ThephilosophicalbaseofthecriticallinguisticsistheMarxismTheoryofFrankfurtSchool．TheCriticalSocialTheoryproposedbytheminsistedonopposingallkindsofideology，maintainingthatideologydominatesandcontrolsthemindsofpeopleandthereforeblockstheself—liberationofhumanbeings．Theyalsoarguedthattoday’stelevisionandnewspaperwasthestatemachineofideology，whichwasusedfordefenseofthedominanceandmanipulationoverhumanbeingsbythesociety，anditmustbecriticizedowingtoitsveryessenceofconstrainingthefalseconsciousness.

InspiredbyCriticalSocialthatthelanguage，thevehicletheory，criticallinguisticsalsoholdsforideologicalindustrylikeTVandnewspaper，servestheideologyaswell．Thus，wecouldcriticizethesemediafromthepointofviewoflinguistics．（陈中竺，1995）Inearly1990s，thephraseCriticalLinguisticsiscompiledintoTheLinguisticsEncyclopedia，symbolizingcriticallinguistics’establishmentasanimportantbranchoflinguistics．Criticallinguisticsbecamewidelyknownbypeoplesincethen，andseveralcriticallinguistsappearedinHollandandAustral．In1991,whenRoutledgeinLondondecidedtopublishTheLinguisticsEncyclopediachiefeditedbyKirstenMalmakjor，Fowlerwasinvitedtocompilethepartofcriticallinguistics，symbolizingtheformalacknowledgementofcriticallinguisticsinthelinguisticsfield（辛斌，1997）．

Inthelinguisticsphere，criticallinguisticsabsorbstheideasofSapir-WhorlHypothesisandthetheoryofM．A．K．Halliday’sSystemicFunetionalGrfimmar．

EdwardSapirandBenjaminWhorfarguedthatpeople’sthoughtsestablishitsconnectionwiththeoutsideworldthroughlanguage，butlanguageisnotatransparentmediumforpeople’scommunication；

ithelpstoformandmanipulatepeople’sexperiencesintheworldbydistortingtherealityofit．CentraltotheSapir-WhorfHypothesisistheideaoflinguisticrelativity-thatdistinctionsofmeaningsbetweenrelatedtermsinalanguageareoftenarbitraryandparticulartothatlanguage．SapirandWhorltookthisonestepfurtherbyarguingthataperson’sworldviewislargelydeterminedbythevocabularyandsyntaxavailableinhisorherlanguage，whichisknownaslinguisticdeterminism（陈中竺，1995）．

SystemicFunctionalGrammarofM．A．K．HallidayisthesourceforthetheoryandmethodologyofcriticallinguisticsofRogerFowler．Hallidayarguedthatlanguageisthesystemnetwork，o。

meaningpotential，consistingofseveralsubsidiarysystemsthatcouldbechosenbypeople．Itisthesocialsemanticfunctiontobeachievedthathelpspeopletodeterminewhichformoflinguisticsystemtochooseincommunication．CriticallinguistsadoptsfullytheviewpointsofHalliday，heldthattheformoflanguagereflectsitsfunction：

sincelanguagehasdifferentfunction，linguisticsshouldbewelldividedtodealwithdifferencejobs．（陈中竺，995）

B．MajorAnalyzingToolsofCriticalLinguistics

CriticalDiscourseAnalysistheoryof1980susuallypaidspecialattentiontowriter’schoiceinrespects0fcategorization，modalityandtransitivityinapassage；

whereasthecriticallinguiststendedtoexpandthescopeoflanguageanalysistostrengthentheobjectivityandconsistency．TheyusuallyobservefromtheanglesofCategorization，Modality，Nominalization，PassivisationtorevealtheideologicalimplicationofjournalisticEnglishasacase．Thispaperistoanalysethenewsreportsofdifferentmediainthesamemethod.

III．ACaseStudyonNewsReportingofIraqWar

A．IntroductionofMediaDiscussedinThisCaseStudy

ThenewsreportingofWaragainstIraqisanotherbattlefield．Owingtothedivergenceinideology，thetransatlanticdivideonthewarisclearlymirroredbyatransatlanticdivideonthemedia．．Torevealthepoliticalimplicationsinthenewsonamorerealbasis，thispaperchoosesreportsfrommediaofnon-belligerentnations．Thereportscouldbeclassifiedintotwosidesthatdifferutterly：

theWesternsideTheSydneyMorningHerald（Sydney，Australia）andA1Qudsal—Am（London，England），theothersideAl-AhramWeekly（Cairo，Egypt），Rzeczposlita（Warsaw，Poland），Dawn（Karachi，Pakistan）andPeople’sDaily（Beijing，China.Throughtheanalysisofthewordinginthenews，wecoulddeepenourunderstandingsofthereportingofWaronIraqbyseeingthroughthemedia’spoliticaltendency．

B．AnalysisofDifferentViewpointsofMediaanditsPoliticalImplicationinFourPerspectives

（1）Categorization

Hallidaymaintainsthatideationalfunctionisoneofthemeta-functionsofthelanguage，“anexpressionofpeople’sexperienceofthereality”（张延续，1998）．Categorization（orclassification）isoneofthewaystoembodytheideationalfunctionoflanguage，referringtothecognitionandclassificationoftheouterworldthroughlanguage（陈中竺，1995）．

Categorizationreferstolanguagebringingordertotheoutsideworld．Thecategorizationsystemofthediscourseusuallyreferstothenamingandportrayingofeventsandpeople，whichismainlyachievedbythechoiceofwords（辛斌，1997）．Butlanguageisneveranobjectivetoolfo