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1、A Case Study on Reporting of Iraq War顾 方【Abstract】critical linguistics，also known as critical linguistics study or critical discourse analysis，is a branch of critical theory in the field of linguisticsIt aims at disclosing the relationship between language，power and ideology in perspectives of lingu

2、istics，sociology，psychology and journalismThis paper gives a general introduction of critical linguistics，its origin and methodology，and presents from four angles a brief critical analysis of newspaper articles on the reporting of “War on Iraq”as an illustration，so as to unveil the political implica

3、tion in them【Key Words】Critical Linguistics；War on Iraq；Categorization；Modality；Nominalization；Passivisation【摘要】批评语言学，即批评语言学研究或批评语篇分析，是批评理论在语言学范畴内的一个分支，主要着眼于从语言学、社会学、心理学和传播学的角度来揭示语言、权力和意识形态之间的关系。本文将概括地描述批评语言学的中心思想，其起源和方法论，并通过从分类、情态、名物化、被动化四个角度对代表不同意识形态的新闻就伊拉克战争的报道做批评性分析，从而来比较其背后隐含的政治暗示。【关键词】批评语言学；伊拉

4、克战争；分类；情态；名物化；被动化I. Introductory In human society，the viewpoints on a particular matter of different communities may differ thanks to their history，culture，and unique ways in treating thingsAs the carrier to convey thethoughts of human beings，language may more or less contain ideological tendency of

5、 the speaker when referring to that particular matterIn the world bombarded by millions of information every day，if we want to get to our mind a certain event，we have to read through the reporting of different media with a good deal of comparison and analysis on the implication of the wording，theref

6、ore to arrive at the truth of the event Critical linguistics refers to the study of the ideological nature of language and the ways in which language reflects the power structure in societyIt unveils from angles of linguistics，sociology，psychology and journalism the relationship between language，pow

7、er and ideology，consisting of the effect of ideology on the developing of discourse，the counteraction of discourse on ideology，and how they stem from and serye social structure and power（辛斌，1996）It is the very effective instrument for US to analyse discourse，news reports in particular，SO as to reach

8、 the comparative objectivity of the event War on Iraq in 2003 is not only famous for it being an unparalleled hitch war，but for the war of media with their widespread reportingIn order to penetrate through the disturbing information to master the reality of this war，we audience have to adopt critica

9、l linguistics to treat the reportsThe paper is divided into 3 chaptersChapter 1 is to introduce briefly the emergence，its philosophical base of critical social theory and its linguistic base of Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis and Systemic Functional Grammar of MAKHallidayChapter 2 is obserying from four aspe

10、cts of Categorization，Modality，Nominalization and Passivisation the different features of media over War on Iraq，to reveal the political implication of journalistic EnglishIn Categorization，the paper pays special attention to the classification of the words used in two passages when describing the U

11、S，Saddam Regime and Iraqis；in Modality，the paper discusses from direct quotation，modal verbs and modal adjectives to explain further the political implication；in Nominalization，the paper analyzes through the nouns words that conceal the agent and a vague expression Of numbers to disclose the ideolog

12、ical meanings；in Passivisation，several examples are chosen to compare the difference between passivisation structure and linking word structureChapter 3 will draw naturally to an conclusion of the importance of critical linguistics in assisting analyzing news reportsIICritical Linguistics：A Brief In

13、troductionAEmergence of Critical Linguistics The Mass Media Research Group of the University of Glasgow，UKpublished in 1 976 the result of so-called“bad news”in TV broadcasting，unveiling after systematic analysis the fact that there were a good many biased reports on government and industrial capita

14、lists in the industrial news broadcastingThis group also began the critical analysis on news reporting afterward，which，together with the previous one，led to the emergence of critical linguisticsIn 1979，Language and Control chief-edited by Roger Fowler was published，in the last chapter of which Fowle

15、r and Kress for the first time put forward a brand new concept of “critical linguistics”，and manifested briefly its theoretical source of functional linguistics and analyzing instrumentsThis books editors and authors were Rogers colleagues in the University of East Anglia，who mainly focused on the r

16、esearch of the linguistic structure of the news and stressed linguistics base of the researchThe publication of Language and Control symbolized the first official appearance of critical linguistics（陈中竺，1995）The philosophical base of the critical linguistics is the Marxism Theory of Frankfurt SchoolT

17、he Critical Social Theory proposed by them insisted on opposing all kinds of ideology，maintaining that ideology dominates and controls the minds of people and therefore blocks the selfliberation of human beingsThey also argued that todays television and newspaper was the state machine of ideology，wh

18、ich was used for defense of the dominance and manipulation over human beings by the society，and it must be criticized owing to its very essence of constraining the false consciousness.Inspired by Critical Social that the language，the vehicle theory，critical linguistics also holds for ideological ind

19、ustry like TV and newspaper，serves the ideology as wellThus，we could criticize these media from the point of view of linguistics（陈中竺，1995） In early 1990s，the phrase Critical Linguistics is compiled into The Linguistics Encyclopedia，symbolizing critical linguistics establishment as an important branc

20、h of linguisticsCritical linguistics became widely known by people since then，and several critical linguists appeared in Holland and AustralIn 199 1, when Routledge in London decided to publish The Linguistics Encyclopedia chief edited by Kirsten Malmakjor，Fowler was invited to compile the part of c

21、ritical linguistics，symbolizing the formal acknowledgement of critical linguistics in the linguistics field（辛斌，1 997） In the linguistic sphere，critical linguistics absorbs the ideas of Sapir-Whorl Hypothesis and the theory of MAKHallidays Systemic Funetional Grfimmar Edward Sapir and Benjamin Whorf

22、argued that peoples thoughts establish its connection with the outside world through language，but language is not a transparent medium for peoples communication；it helps to form and manipulate peoples experiences in the world by distorting the reality of itCentral to the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis is th

23、e idea of linguistic relativity-that distinctions of meanings between related terms in a language are often arbitrary and particular to that languageSapir and Whorl took this one step further by arguing that a persons world view is largely determined by the vocabulary and syntax available in his or

24、her language，which is known as linguistic determinism（陈中竺，1995） Systemic Functional Grammar of MAKHalliday is the source for the theory and methodology of critical linguistics of Roger FowlerHalliday argued that language is the system network，o。meaning potential， consisting of several subsidiary sys

25、tems that could be chosen by peopleIt is the social semantic function to be achieved that helps people to determine which form of linguistic system to choose in communicationCritical linguists adopts fully the view points of Halliday，held that the form of language reflects its function：since languag

26、e has different function，linguistics should be well divided to deal with difference jobs（陈中竺，995）BMajor Analyzing Tools of Critical LinguisticsCritical Discourse Analysis theory of 1 980s usually paid special attention to writers choice in respects 0f categorization，modality and transitivity in a pa

27、ssage；whereas the critical linguists tended to expand the scope of language analysis to strengthen the objectivity and consistencyThey usually observe from the angles of Categorization，Modality，Nominalization，Passivisation to reveal the ideological implication of journalistic English as a caseThis p

28、aper is to analyse the news reports of different media in the same method.IIIA Case Study on News Reporting of Iraq WarAIntroduction of Media Discussed in This Case StudyThe news reporting of War against Iraq is another battlefieldOwing to the divergence in ideology，the transatlantic divide on the w

29、ar is clearly mirrored by a transatlantic divide on the mediaTo reveal the political implications in the news on a more real basis，this paper chooses reports from media of non-belligerent nationsThe reports could be classified into two sides that differ utterly：the Western side The Sydney Morning He

30、rald （Sydney，Australia）and A1Quds alAm （London，England），the other side Al-Ahram Weekly （Cairo，Egypt），Rzeczposlita （Warsaw，Poland），Dawn （Karachi，Pakistan）and Peoples Daily （Beijing，China. Through the analysis of the wording in the news，we could deepen our understandings of the reporting of War on Ira

31、q by seeing through the medias political tendencyBAnalysis of Different Viewpoints of Media and its Political Implication in Four Perspectives （1）Categorization Halliday maintains that ideational function is one of the meta-functions of the language，“an expression of peoples experience of the realit

32、y”（张延续，1 998）Categorization（or classification）is one of the ways to embody the ideational function of language，referring to the cognition and classification of the outer world through language（陈中竺，1995） Categorization refers to language bringing order to the outside worldThe categorization system of the discourse usually refers to the naming and portraying of events and people，which is mainly achieved by the choice of words（辛斌，1997）But language is never an objective tool fo