Urbanization patterns and their impacts on social restructuring of urban space in Chilean midWord文件下载.docx

Urbanization patterns and their impacts on social restructuring of urban space in Chilean midWord文件下载.docx

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,RodrigoSanhuezaa,

ClaudiaVegaa,

MauricioAguayoa,

andMariaDoloresMuñ

oza,

aUnitofTerritorialPlanning,EULA-ChileEnvironmentalCenter,UniversityofConcepcion,BarrioUniversitarios/n,Concepció

n,Chile

bSchoolofGeography,UniversityofChile,Marcoleta250,Santiago,Chile

Received18November2003;

revised18April2005;

accepted21April2005. 

Availableonline19October2005.

Abstract

UrbangrowthpatternsofChileanmid-citiesareexplored,analyzinglanduse/landcoverchangesbetween1955–1978and1978–1998inLosAngeles,amid-citylocatedincentralChile.Urbansprawlisanalyzedwithrespecttopopulationgrowthandpossibleeffectsonthecity'

ssocio-spatialstructure.Markov'

smatrixwasusedtoanalyzesequencesoflanduse/landcoverchanges,whereasregressionanalysiswasusedtostudytherelationshipbetweencityandpopulationgrowth.ThestudyisbasedonremotelysenseddataandprocessedinaGISenvironmentusingArcview3.2,IDRISI,andArc-InfoN.T.

Keywords:

Urbanlanduse;

Socio-spatialrestructuring;

Chileanmid-cities

ArticleOutline

Introduction

Studyarea

Dataandmethodology

Results

Thelandusechangefrom1955through1978

Thelandusechangefrom1978through1998

Urbangrowthpatterns

Thedemographicfactor

Thesocialrestructuringofurbanspace

Conclusions

Acknowledgements

References

Anintense,permanentrestructuringprocessofChileanmid-cityterritories,operatingsince1975,hasgreatlyaffectedbothmetropolitanandmid-cityareas.Thesechangeswereguidedbythehigh-priorityinfluenceofprivatecapitalandthesearchforcomparativeandcompetitiveadvantages.Furthermore,thereducedStatehasresultedinabandonedeconomicactivitiesandfinancialinterventionssuchassubsidiesandothertributaryeasements,whichoncepromotedacertainterritorialbalancebetweenthecountry'

sregionsandcities（RomeroandToledo,1998a）.

Chile'

slargestdestructionandrestructuringefforttookplaceinregionalterritoriesfrom1975through1983,whentheStatereduceditsparticipationasaregulatingagentofeconomicactivitiesandgaveprivateentitiestheleadingrole.Chilesawrapid,sustainedeconomicgrowth（5–7%peryear）between1983and1998associalconditionsimprovedanddemocraticinstitutionswererestored.Since1998,thedevelopmentpatternhasshownweaknesses,witheconomicgrowthratesdecreasingamidconsecutivecrisesoftheglobalmarkets.

Withinthecontextofglobalcompetitiveness,Chileancitieshavespecializedintheexportofrawmaterialsandnaturalresources,whichrequiresefficientexploitationofinputs,goods,andservicesandtheavailabilityofinformationinmid-cities.MiningandfishinginthearidNorth;

agriculture,forestry,industries,andservicesinthecentralregionsandmetropolises;

andfishing,forestry,andcattleranchingintemperatesouthernChileandPatagoniaareevidenceoftheampleeconomicaldevelopmentprocess,andthespatialconcentrationoffinancial,human,andtechnologicalresources.WithinthedynamicsofChile'

sexport-orientedmodel,mid-citieshaveactedasnodesinanetworkstructure.Thesenodeshaveprogressivelytransformedintoregionaldistributionandconsumptioncenterswithcomplexbanking,financial,commercial,healthcare,andeducationalinstitutions（Azó

caretal.,2003;

RomeroandToledo,1998b）.

CitiesinChile（Boisier,2001）havetakenonnewfunctionsandoperateascentrallocationsfromwhichtheregionalorterritorialeconomyisorganized.Thus,citieshavebecomekeylocationsforspecializedservices（e.g.financialactivities,advancedproductionservices）aswellasinnovation-generatingnodes.Thesenewfunctionsandthemanagementofgeographicaldispersion,tasksalreadyoperatinginsomecities,requireawiderangeofspecializedservices,telecommunicationinfrastructure,andsupportservicesforindustry,residents,andtheiractivities（Sassen,1998）.

WeareinthepresenceofanewmodelofurbangrowthinChile,whichfromaspatialpointofview,isbothdispersedandgloballyintegrated.Inthiscontextandinordertosuccessfullyunitenewregionalconditionsandcities,theterritorialunitsmustreconvertorchange.Cities,then,shouldaltertheirroles,increasingtheirowncomplexity,asaconditionofastructuralchangetriggeredbyglobalization（Boisier,2001）.InChile,thenewurbanizationprocesseshaveincreasedthebreachesorsocio-economicinequalitiesincitiesand,atalocallevel,havecreatedinvisibleandvisiblewallsinsocialinteractionsamonggroups（Sabatini,1998;

RomeroandToledo,1998a;

Borsdorf,2000;

Rovira,2000;

Toledoetal.,2000;

Azó

caretal.,2003）.Urbansprawlhasnotonlymeantchangesinurbanfunctionsandmorphology,buthasalsoresultedinsignificantruralreconfiguration.Eventhesocialrepresentationofthecountrysideisdifferent,especiallybecauseruralareasarenowperceivedintermsoftheirlandscapesandnotonlyintermsoftheirproductivity,asinthecaseofagriculturallands（Antrop,2000）.

Theglobalextensionofthemarketeconomy,foreigncommerce,services,andfinancesandthemobilityofthepopulationhavebeenthedrivingforcesbehindurbanizationprocessesinmanydevelopingregionsoftheplanet,includingChile.Oneoftheirsocio-spatialdisplayshasbeenincreasedfragmentationanduniformityoflandscapesandcities.Therates,scales,andcausesofurbanchangehavehadlargeimpactsoncitiesandhavegeneratedstrongpolarizationandsegregationprocesses（Barber,2000;

Toledoetal.,2000,Rovira,2000;

DeMattos,2002;

Borsdorf,2003）.Citieshavebecomemorevulnerableandglobalizationhasreducedtheirsecurityandindependence（Troy,2002）.

Patternsoflandusechangeshavecausedavarietyofeffects,includingsocialimpacts,suchasincreasedcostsofprovidingpublicservices,thelossofopenspaces,andincreasedtrafficcongestion（BellandIrwin,2002）.Somestudiesshowthatthecostsofsupplyingpublicservicesareafunctionofdevelopmentpatternsandtherateatwhichlandusechangeoccurs（Ladd,1992）.Environmentalimpactsfromlanduse/landcoverchangesonecosystemsarefrequentandrangefromthelossofhighlyproductiveagriculturalland,habitatfragmentation,andlossofwildlifetoalterednaturaldrainagesystemsandthedeteriorationofwaterqualityduetoincreasedsuperficialwaterways.Additionally,increasedurbanpopulationsandcityexpansioncausenewurbanproblemsthat,ingeneral,reducethequalityoflifeforimportantsectorsofthepeople（Sabatini,1998;

Marsh,1991）.

AnimportantfactorofurbansprawlinChilehasbeenthegeneration,withinandaroundcities,ofresidential,commercial,facilities,andservicespacesspecificallydestinedforexclusivesocialgroups,whichareevermorespatiallysegregated（Hidalgoetal.,2003）.Unfortunately,thegrowthandmodernizationofcitiesistimeandagainmoredependentonthepresenceofahigh-incomeelite,whichdoesnotsurpass10%ofthepopulationinthebestofcasesandvariessignificantlyfromonecitytoanother（RomeroandToledo,1998a）.

AlthoughmoreglobalfactorsexisttoexplainthemostrecentevolutioninChileanmid-cities,giventhecontextofgrowingeconomicglobalizationandlandscapehomogenization,localandregionalfactors（distinctfeaturesorparticularities）benefitsomecitiesbyguidingtheirgrowthandgeneratingidentityandownership.Localfactorsincludethepopulation'

ssocio-economicsituation,includingdemographicprocesses,socialstatus,ethnicownership,educationallevelandincome,housingstock,andlandusepolicies;

specialattentionispaidtourbanarearegulations.Regionalfactorsaremorerelatedtothegeographicalpositionofurbancenterswithrespecttoworkmarkets,transportinfrastructure,andservices（ChicagoCaseStudyWorkingGroup,2001）.

EachChileanmid-citypresentsuniqueproblemsduetoitsspatiallocationandtopologicrelationships（e.g.withrespecttothewatershedenvironmentordistancetothesea,mountains,orlakes）.Insocialterms,allChileanmid-citiespresentasocialbipolaritybetweenthegatedvillagesoftheupperclassesandthehousingneighborhoodsofthelowerclasses,ascanclearlybeseenintheChileanmid-city,Valdivia（Borsdorf,2000）.InanotherChileanmid-city,Temuco,thelowerclassesaremainlylocatedinanearbycity（PadreLasCasas）（Toledoetal.,2000）,whereastheupperclassesinthemid-cityPuertoMonttweretheonestomigratetowardsneighboringsegregatedcities（e.g.Frutillar,PuertoVaras）.Sharpsocialboundariescanbefoundbetweenthelower-classpeopleoccupyingstreamfloodplains（e.g.PuertoMontt,Valdivia）andricherpeoplelivingontherelativesafetyofthethalwegs.InTemuco,onestreetsharplydividestheupperfromthelowerclass,actingasatruesocialbarrier.TheimportantconcentrationofindigenousMapuchecommunitieshereaddsanethniccomponenttothetraditionalsocialsegregation（Toledoetal.,2000）.

ThecomplexityoflandusechangeprocessesisanessentialcharacteristicofurbantransformationsinChileanmid-cities,posingmanyquestionsastothefactorsanddetailsthatareguidingtheaforesaidtransformations.TheuseofGISandspatial-analysistoolscancontributetoabetterunderstandingofthesefactorsthatpromotelandusechangepatterns（KlineandAlig,1999;

Bockstael,1996）.Thistypeofanalysisallowsthepredictionoftheore