02教案宏观经济学柳玉寿文档格式.docx
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授课方式
lecture
教
学
目
的
Letthestudentsunderstandtheconceptbelow:
1.What’sGDP?
2.ThemeasurementofGDP
3.ThecomponentsofGDP
4.RealversusNominalGDP(GDPdeflator)
5.GDPandEconomicWell-being
重
点
ThemeasurementofGDP
ThecomponentsofGDP
RealversusNominalGDP(GDPdeflator)
GDPandEconomic
难
时间分配
教学内容
15mins
20mins
25mins
45mins
TheteachergivestheLecturesaboutthecontentsbelow:
1.Microeconomics
Microeconomicsisthestudyofhowindividualhouseholdsandfirmsmakedecisionsandhowtheyinteractwithoneanotherinmarkets.
Macroeconomics
Macroeconomicsisthestudyoftheeconomyasawhole.
Itsgoalistoexplaintheeconomicchangesthataffectmanyhouseholds,firms,andmarketsatonce.
2.Macroeconomics
Macroeconomicsanswersquestionslikethefollowing:
Whyisaverageincomehighinsomecountriesandlowinothers?
Whydopricesriserapidlyinsometimeperiodswhiletheyaremorestableinothers?
Whydoproductionandemploymentexpandinsomeyearsandcontractinothers?
TheEconomy’s
3.IncomeandExpenditure
Whenjudgingwhethertheeconomyisdoingwellorpoorly,itisnaturaltolookatthetotalincomethateveryoneintheeconomyisearning.
4.IncomeandExpenditure
Foraneconomyasawhole,incomemustequalexpenditurebecause:
Everytransactionhasabuyerandaseller.
Everydollarofspendingbysomebuyerisadollarofincomeforsomeseller.
5.GrossDomesticProduct
Grossdomesticproduct(GDP)isameasureoftheincomeandexpendituresofaneconomy.
Itisthetotalmarketvalueofallfinalgoodsandservicesproducedwithinacountryinagivenperiodoftime.
TheCircular-FlowDiagram
Theequalityofincomeandexpenditurecanbeillustratedwiththecircular-flowdiagram.
TheMeasurementofGDP
GDPisthemarketvalueofallfinalgoodsandservicesproducedwithinacountryinagivenperiodoftime.
6.TheMeasurementofGDP
Outputisvaluedatmarketprices.
Itrecordsonlythevalueoffinalgoods,notintermediategoods(thevalueiscountedonlyonce).
Itincludesbothtangiblegoods(food,clothing,cars)andintangibleservices(haircuts,housecleaning,doctorvisits).
Itincludesgoodsandservicescurrentlyproduced,nottransactionsinvolvinggoodsproducedinthepast.
Itmeasuresthevalueofproductionwithinthegeographicconfinesofacountry.
Itmeasuresthevalueofproductionthattakesplacewithinaspecificintervaloftime,usuallyayearoraquarter(threemonths).
7.WhatIsCountedinGDP?
GDPincludesallitemsproducedintheeconomyandsoldlegallyinmarkets.
8.WhatIsNotCountedinGDP?
GDPexcludesmostitemsthatareproducedandconsumedathomeandthatneverenterthemarketplace.
Itexcludesitemsproducedandsoldillicitly,suchasillegaldrugs.
9.OtherMeasuresofIncome
GrossNationalProduct(GNP)
NetNationalProduct(NNP)
NationalIncome
PersonalIncome
DisposablePersonalIncome
10.GrossNationalProduct
Grossnationalproduct(GNP)isthetotalincomeearnedbyanation’spermanentresidents(callednationals).
ItdiffersfromGDPbyincludingincomethatourcitizensearnabroadandexcludingincomethatforeignersearnhere.
NetNationalProduct(NNP)isthetotalincomeofthenation’sresidents(GNP)minuslossesfromdepreciation.
Depreciationisthewearandtearontheeconomy’sstockofequipmentandstructures.
NationalIncomeisthetotalincomeearnedbyanation’sresidentsintheproductionofgoodsandservices.
ItdiffersfromNNPbyexcludingindirectbusinesstaxes(suchassalestaxes)andincludingbusinesssubsidies.
11.PersonalIncome
Personalincomeistheincomethathouseholdsandnoncorporatebusinessesreceive.
Unlikenationalincome,itexcludesretainedearnings,whichisincomethatcorporationshaveearnedbuthavenotpaidouttotheirowners.
Inaddition,itincludeshousehold’sinterestincomeandgovernmenttransfers.
Disposablepersonalincomeistheincomethathouseholdandnoncorporatebusinesseshaveleftaftersatisfyingalltheirobligationstothegovernment.
Itequalspersonalincomeminuspersonaltaxesandcertainnontaxpayments.
TheComponentsofGDP
12.GDP(Y)isthesumofthefollowing:
Consumption(C)
Investment(I)
GovernmentPurchases(G)
NetExports(NX)
Y=C+I+G+NX
Consumption(C):
Thespendingbyhouseholdsongoodsandservices,withtheexceptionofpurchasesofnewhousing.
Investment(I):
Thespendingoncapitalequipment,inventories,andstructures,includingnewhousing.
GovernmentPurchases(G):
Thespendingongoodsandservicesbylocal,state,andfederalgovernments.
Doesnotincludetransferpaymentsbecausetheyarenotmadeinexchangeforcurrentlyproducedgoodsorservices.
NetExports(NX):
Exportsminusimports.
GDPandItsComponents(1998)
13.RealversusNominalGDP
NominalGDPvaluestheproductionofgoodsandservicesatcurrentprices.
RealGDPvaluestheproductionofgoodsandservicesatconstantprices.
RealversusNominalGDP
AnaccurateviewoftheeconomyrequiresadjustingnominaltorealGDPbyusingtheGDPdeflator.
14.GDPDeflator
TheGDPdeflatormeasuresthecurrentlevelofpricesrelativetothelevelofpricesinthebaseyear.
IttellsustheriseinnominalGDPthatisattributabletoariseinpricesratherthanariseinthequantitiesproduced.
GDPDeflator
TheGDPdeflatoriscalculatedasfollows:
ConvertingNominalGDPtoRealGDP
NominalGDPisconvertedtorealGDPasfollows:
RealandNominalGDP
RealGDPintheUnitedStates
15.GDPandEconomic
Well-Being
GDPisthebestsinglemeasureoftheeconomicwell-beingofasociety.
GDPperpersontellsustheincomeandexpenditureoftheaveragepersonintheeconomy.
HigherGDPperpersonindicatesahigherstandardofliving.
GDPisnotaperfectmeasureofthehappinessorqualityoflife,however.
Somethingsthatcontributetowell-beingarenotincludedinGDP.
Thevalueofleisure.
Thevalueofacleanenvironment.
Thevalueofalmostallactivitythattakesplaceoutsideofmarkets,suchasthevalueofthetimeparentsspendwiththeirchildrenandthevalueofvolunteerwork.
GDP,LifeExpectancy,andLiteracy
Summary
Becauseeverytransactionhasabuyerandaseller,thetotalexpenditureintheeconomymustequalthetotalincomeintheeconomy.
GrossDomesticProduct(GDP)measuresaneconomy’stotalexpenditureonnewlyproducedgoodsandservicesandthetotalincomeearnedfromtheproductionofthesegoodsandservices.
GDPisdividedamongfourcomponentsofexpenditure:
consumption,investment,governmentpurchases,andnetexports.
NominalGDPusescurrentpricestovaluetheeconomy’sproduction.RealGDPusesconstantbase-yearpricestovaluetheeconomy’sproductionofgoodsandservices.
TheGDPdeflator--calculatedfromtheratioofnominaltorealGDP--measuresthelevelofpricesintheeconomy.
GDPisagoodmeasureofeconomicwell-beingbecausepeoplepreferhighertolowerincomes.
Itisnotaperfectmeasureofwell-beingbecausesomethings,suchasleisuretimeandacleanenvironment,aren’tmeasuredbyGDP.
作
业
布
置
Exercise
What’sGDP?
DiscussThemeasurementofGDP
DiscussThecomponentsofGDP
课
后
总
结
02
Chapter23MeasuringtheCostofLiving
Equippingstudentsoneofthemostpowerfultoolsineconomicsstudy,thissectionshallintroducedifferenteconomicgraphsandtheirpurposesandusages.
Helpstudenttoplot,readandunderstanddifferentgraphsandunderstandMeasuringtheCostofLiving
Letstudentsunderstandthefollowingconceptions:
1.MeasuringtheCostofLiving
2.HowtheConsumerPriceIndexIsCalculated
3.GDPDeflator
4.What’sintheCPI’sBasket?
1.HowtheConsumerPriceIndexIsCalculated
2.What’sintheCPI’sBasket?
Inflationreferstoasituationinwhichtheeconomy’soverallpricelevelisrising.
Theinflationrateisthepercentagechangeinthepricelevelfromthepreviousperiod.
TheConsumerPriceIndex
Theconsumerpriceindex(CPI)isameasureoftheoverallcostofthegoodsandservicesboughtbyatypicalconsumer.
TheBureauofLaborStatisticsreportstheCPIeachmonth.
Itisusedtomonitorchangesinthecostoflivingovertime.
TheConsumerPriceInd