中国文化英语教程复习课件综合版Word文档下载推荐.docx
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SoutheastAsia,thePacificOcean,theworld‘sthirdlargestcountry.
9.6millionsquarekilometers,18,000kilometers,arooster.
northernend:
Mohe,HeilongjiangProvince,
south:
ZengmuAnsha
west:
Pamirs
east:
theconjunctionoftheHeilongjiang（Amur）RiverandtheWusuli（Ussuri）River.
Boundary
East:
Korea
North:
Mongalia
Northeast:
Russia
Northwest:
Russia,Kazakhstan,Kyrgyzstan,Tajikistan
West&
Southwest:
Afghanistan,Pakistan,India,Nepal,Bhutan
South:
Myanmar,Laos,Vietnam
Marine-sideneighborsincludeeightcountries--NorthKorea,Korea,Japan,Philippines,Brunei,Indonesia,MalaysiaandVietnam.
Topography
Terrain
--ThevastlandexpansesofChinaincludeplateaus,plains,basins,foothills,andmountains.
Laddertopography（4stepsofastaircase）
---FirstStep:
Qinghai-TibetPlateau,withanaverageelevationofabout4,000metres.Thehighestpeak：
Mt.Everest（Mt.Qomolangma）
Thesecondstep:
largebasinsandplateaus,mostofwhichare1,000-2,000metershigh.
--theInnerMongoliaPlateau;
theLoessPlateau;
theYunnan-GuizhouPlateau;
theTarimBasin;
theJunggarBasin;
theSichuanBasin.Enjoythefollowingpictures.
Thethirdstep:
thefoothillsandlowermountains,withaltitudesofover500meters.
Thefourthstep:
alongthesea;
acontinentalshelf.
RiversandLakes
Morethan50,000rivershavedrainageareasthatexceed100squarekilometers;
morethan1,500exceed1,000squarekilometers.
Famousrivers
TheYangtze,thelongestinChinaandeveninAsia,isthethird-longestintheworld.
TheYellowRiver,'
MotherRiveroftheChinesePeople'
isjustbehindtheYangtze,bothflowingintothePacificOcean.
Lakes
Middle-LowerYangtzePlainandQinghai-TibetPlateau——mostLakeshere
---InsoutheastChina,mostlakesarefreshwater.PoyangLake,DongtingLake,TaihuLakeandHongzeLakeareallfreshwaterlakes.
---QinghaiLake,thelargest,abeautifulnaturalsalt-waterlake.
NamCoLake,saltwaterlake
Man-madeCanals:
theGrandCanalbetweenBeijingandHangzhou.
Climate
Temperature（fromsouthtonorth）:
Equatorial--tropical--subtropical--warm-temperate--temperate--cold-temperatezones.
Precipitation:
gradullydeclinesfromthesouthesterntothenorthesterninlandarea.
AnOutlineHistory
Chinesepeople:
thedescendantsofYanandHuang.
ThreeSovereigns:
Fuxi（伏羲）
Nü
wa（女媧）
Shennong（神農）
Yao:
Lunarcalendar
Shun:
amanwithgreatvirtues
YutheGreat:
conqueringthefloods;
founderof
XiaDynasty
QinShiHuang:
thefirstemperorofChina
AdministrativeDivisions
Athree-tiersystem:
provinces,counties,townships.
23provinces;
5autonomousregions;
4municipalitiesdirectlyunderthecontroloftheCentralGovernment;
2specialadministrativeregions（SARs）
Population
Huge;
No.1intheworld;
Unevenlydistributed;
populationsdensity;
Thepolicyof“familyplanning”or“onechildpolicy”
Birthrate;
mortalityrate
EthnicGroups
56ethnicgroups:
Hannationalityandother
55minorityethnicgroups;
PoliticalSystem
Fundamentallaw:
TheConstitutionofthePeople’sRepublicofChina
Highestorganofstatepower:
theNPC（NationalPeople’sCongress）;
NPCanditsStandingCommitteehavetherightsoflegislation,decision,supervision,electionandremoval
Parties:
Communistparty;
eightdemocraticparties.
Executivebody:
theStateCouncil
ChinesePhilosophy
acollectivedesignationforvariousschoolsofthoughts,amongwhichtheConfucianism,TaoismandBuddhismarethemostinfluentialinChineseculture.
Oneofthethreephilosophysystemsintheworld.（theothertwo:
WesternandIndianphilosophy）
Origin:
Xia,Shang,andZhoudynasties.YiJing（"
theBookofChanges）
prosperity:
theSpringandAutumnPeriod;
theWarringStatesPeriod."
Ahundredschoolsofthoughtcontend"
（百家争鸣）
TheDevelopmentofAncientChinesePhilosophy
ThePhilosophyinPre-Qintimes（先子学）
TheorthodoxPhilosophyduringtheHanDynasty（两汉经学）
MetaphysicsduringtheWeiandJinDynasties（晋玄学）
TheBuddhistPhilosophyduringtheSuiandTangDynasties（隋唐佛学）
Neo-ConfucianisminSongandMingDynasties（宋明理学）
ApplicationPhilosophyintheMingandQingDunasties（明清实学）
ThePhilosophyinPre-Qintimes
Hundredschoolsofthoughts（诸子百家）
Mainrepresentations:
Confucianism（儒家）;
Taoism（道家）;
Mohism（墨家）;
Legalism（法家）;
SchoolofYin-yang（阴阳家）;
Logicians（名家）;
SchoolofAgriculture（农家）;
SchoolofDiplomacy（纵横家）;
TheMiscellaneousSchool（杂家）;
Schoolof"
Minor-talks"
（小说家）;
SchooloftheMilitary（兵家）
Mostinfluential:
Confucianism（儒家）;
Legalism（法家）
Confucianism：
ConfuciusMencius
TheAnalects（LunYu）
SomewellknownConfucianquotes:
"
Toknowyourfaultsandbeabletochangeisthegreatestvirtue."
（“知错能改，善莫大焉”）
Whatyoudonotwishforyourself,donotdotoothers."
（“己所不欲，勿施于人”）
Knowledgeisrecognizingwhatyouknowandwhatyoudon'
t."
（“知之为知之，不知为不知，是知也”）
Reviewingtheday'
slessons.Isn'
titjoyful?
Friendscomefromfar.Isn'
titdelightful?
Onehasneverbeenangryatother'
smisunderstanding.Isn'
thearespectableman?
（“学而时习之，不亦说乎？
有朋自远方来，不亦乐乎?
人不知而不愠，不亦君子乎？
”）
ConfucianThoughtsonHeavenandHumanity
Heavendoesnotspeakinwords.Itspeaksthroughtherotationofthefourseasonsandthegrowthofalllivingthings.（"
天何言哉？
四时行焉，百物生焉，天何言哉？
“）
Confucian"
Heaven"
alsohadacertainsacredelement,whichwasrelatedtoitbeingthesourceoflife.ThusConfuciusrequiredpeopletoholdHeaveninawe.
---天人合一的哲学基础。
wasnotaasupernatural,personifieddeity,butwastheworldofever-generatinglife.ThushumanshouldtaketoheartthepurposeofHeavenbycherishinglife.
ignorantanddisrespectfulofone'
sheavenlymission"
（不知天命而不畏）--“HewhooffendsagainstHeavenhasnonetowhomhecanpray"
（"
获罪于天，无所祷也”）
Question:
What'
sthesignificanceandenlightenmentofthisbelieftoourmodernsociety?
（Respectothercreature'
slife;
protectoutnature）
ConfuciusonPeople:
ren（仁）andli（礼）
ren:
Loveofpeople.（仁者爱人）;
Universallove（“泛爱众，而亲仁”）Sometranslateitas"
benevolence"
.
Toloveallshouldbeginwithlovingone'
sparents."
Filialpiety（孝）andfraternalduty（悌）aretheessenceofren.TheDoctrineoftheMean（《中庸》）quotes:
Thegreatestloveforpeopleistheloveforone'
sparents."
（仁者，人也，亲亲为大）
“Childrenshouldnottravelfarwhiletheirparentsarealive.Iftheyhavenochoicebuttodoso,theymustretainsomerestraint"
（父母在，不远游，游必有方）
Li:
rituals,traditionsandnormsinsociallife.
Confuciusplacedemphasisonliwiththeaimofpreservingsocialorder,stabilityandharmony.TheAnalectssays,"
Theroleofliistomaintainharmonyamongpeople."
（“礼之用，和为贵”）
ConfuciusontheStateofLife:
thefirstoneinChinesehistorytoinitiateprivateeducation.
3000disciples.72ofthemexcelledinthe"
sixarts“,i.e.,ritual（礼）,music（乐）,archery（射）,（carriage）driving（御）,calligraphy（书）,andmathematics（数）."
Sageofsages"
Goalofeducation:
cultivate"
personsofvirtue"
.
Generalprinciplesofeducation:
loftyideals,greatvirtue,loveofpeople,andthe"
sixarts"
.Ofthese,whichoneisthemostimportant?
Virtue.
Thehigheststateoflife:
harmonyamongpeopleandharmonybetweenpeopleandnature.
Taoism
Daodejingquotes:
♥道可道，非常道。
名可名，非常名。
无名天地之始；
有名万物之母。
♥宠辱若惊，贵大患若身。
何谓宠辱若惊？
宠为下，得之若惊，失之若惊，是谓宠辱若惊。
♥上善若水。
水善利万物而不争，处众人之所恶，故几于道。
居善地，心善渊，与善仁，言善信，政善治，事善能，动善时。
夫唯不争，故无尤。
♥有物混成，先天地生。
寂兮寥兮，独立而不改，周行而不殆，可以为天地母。
吾不知其名，强字之曰道，强为之名曰大。
大曰逝，逝曰远，远曰反。
故道大，天大，地大，人亦大。
域中有四大，而人居其一焉。
人法地，地法天，天法道，道法自然。
Laozi'
sphilosophy:
♥NaturalnessandNon-action（自然,无为）:
"
Greatingenuityappearstobestupidity"
（大智若愚）;
♥Non-contention（不争）：
“overcomingthestrongbybeingweak"
（以柔弱胜刚强）;
Thegreatestvirtueislikewater"
（上善若水）;
”Waternourisheseverythingbutcontendsfornothing"
（水善万物而不争）
♥Returningtoanewbornstate（回到婴儿状态）
TheorthodoxPhilosophyduringtheHanDynasty
EmperorWudiDongZhongShu
Thecampaignof"
banningallschoolsofthoughtexceptConfucianism“
（罢黜百家，独尊儒术）
ThepoweroftheemperorsareauthorizedbyHeaven（君权神授）
HeavenaffectshumanaffairsandhumanbehaviorfindsresponseinHeaven（天人感应）
Humanmoralconduct,andthepoliticalandsocialupheaval,inturn,willeffectchangesinHeaven.
MetaphysicsduringtheWeiandJinDynasties
Threeprofoundstudies（三玄）"
：
TheBookofChanges（《易经》）；
LaoZi（《老子》）;
ZhuangZi（《庄子》）
Neo-ConfucianisminSongandMingDynasties
theSchoolofPrinciple（理学）:
ZhouDunyi（周敦颐）,ZhuXi（朱熹）；
theSchoolofMind（心学）:
LuJiuyuan（陆九渊）,WangShouren（王守仁）
ApplicationphilosophyintheMingandQingDynasties
Focuson"
self-examination"
Sticktotheapplicationofphilosophyonthestateaffairs.
TheBasicFeaturesofAncientChinesePhilosophy
Fivestresses:
Spiritualexistence;
Practice;
Morality;
Harmony;
Intuition
CharacteristicsofChineseEthicsandMorality
Seekingharmonyandmaintainingequilibrium（平衡）
Collectivismoverindividualism
Spirituallifeovermateriallife
ChineseReligions:
IndigenousTaoistreligion;
Religionsofforeignorigins:
Buddhism,IslamandChristianity.
TheTaoistReligion
“TheChineserootsaredeepinTaoism.
升级会员 