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EnablersforSustainableDevelopment[J].Supplychainmanagement:
aninternationaljournal,2014,8
(2):
122-131.
原文
GREENLOGISTICS:
ENABLERSFORSUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENT
JanC.Fransoo
EindhovenUniversityofTechnology,Netherlands
1INTRODUCTION
Logisticsisthebackboneofindustryandcommerce.Asadiscipline,itdescribesthemanagementandcoordinationofactivitiesalongsupplychains.Theseactivitiesincludefreighttransport,storage,inventorymanagement,materialshandlingandrelatedinformationprocessing.Alargepartoflogisticsactivitiesareoftenoutsourcedtospecializedprovidersthatprovidecost-effectiveservices.Researchhasshownthat,atleastinhighincomeeconomies,thevalueofservicesisnotassessedinmonetaryandservicequalitytermsalone.Inmakingdecisions,logisticsprofessionalsareincreasinglytakingintoconsiderationexternaleffectssuchasemissions,pollution,noise,andaccidents.
ThelastLPIreportreleasein2012,forinstance,pointedoutthatinshipmentstoOECDcountries,environmentallyfriendlysolutionsareconsideredfarmoreoftenthanelsewhere.Mountingregulatorypressure,togetherwithchangesincustomerpreferences,arethemaindriversofthisphenomenon.OneofthemorewidelyusedtermstodescribethissetofpreferencesisgreenLogistics,especiallywhentheactivitiesoflogisticsserviceprovidersareconcerned.
Research,includingarecentbookbyAlanMcKinnon,hasestablishedthatgreenLogisticsisanemergingconcernofprivateoperatorsandprovidersandusersoflogistics.Fromapolicystandpoint,andespeciallyfortheglobalenvironment,greenLogisticsispotentiallyamajortopicaswell:
estimatesvary,butabout15%ofglobalgreenhousegasemissions(GHG)canbetracedtologisticsactivities.
GreenLogisticsmaynotbeanindependentpolicyarea.Rather,thesupplychainperspectiveprovidesaframeworktounderstandanddealwithissuesthatareseparatebutultimatelyinterrelated.Importantly,lookingatsupplychainshelpspolicymakersunderstandtheinterestsandactionsofprivatesectoroperators.GreenLogisticsmaythereforeproposeanumberoftoolsandidentifyemergingsustainablesolutionscontributingtotheoverarchingobjectiveofgreenGrowth.
Fromapolicyperspective,logisticscutacrossseveralareasandsectors.Theperformanceofsupplychainsdependsonareasoractivitieswheregovernmentasregulatororcatalystofinvestmentiscritical,suchas:
Transportinfrastructure:
roadandrailcorridors,portsandairports
Theefficienciesoflogisticsservices:
servicesincludenotonlymodalfreighttransport,butalsowarehousingandintermediaryservices,suchasbrokersandforwarders,andrelatedinformation-flowmanagement.Inmoderneconomies,thetrendistowardsintegrationinmulti-activitylogisticsproviders(3PLs,4PLs)towhichindustrialandcommercialfirmsoutsourcetheirsupplychainactivities.Understandingtheregulatorydimensionofservicesisbecomingincreasinglycriticaltothedevelopmentofeffectivepoliciesinareassuchas:
professionalandoperationalstandards,regulationofentryinmarketandprofessions,competition,enforcement.
Proceduresapplyingtothemerchandise,suchastradeprocedures(customsandothercontrols).
Thesoftinfrastructurethatsupportsinformationorfinancialflowassociatedwiththephysicalmovementsalongsupplychains:
ITinfrastructure,paymentsystems.
Theconceptofnationallogisticsperformancecapturingtheoutcomeofthesepoliciesiswidelyrecognizedbypolicymakersandtheprivatesectorworldwideasacriticalcontributiontonationalcompetitiveness.Akeyquestionforsustainabledevelopmentishowtointegratesupplychainparticipantsconcernwithenvironmentalsustainabilitywiththeconceptofnationallogisticsperformance.
Withinlogistics,transportcreatesthelargestenvironmentalfootprint.Butthevolumeofemissionscanvarygreatly,dependingonthemodeoftransport.Thevolumeofemissionpertonperkmincreasesbyanorderofmagnitudefrommaritimetolandtransportationandtoairtransportation.Thisisakeyenvironmentalaspectoflogisticsthatisnottakenintoconsiderationbymostsupplychainoperators.Logisticsexpertstypicallyintegratefreightmodesandotherrelatedactivitiessothatthetransportanddistributionnetworkisusedinthemostefficientmanner,whichisimportantforkeepingemissionsincheck,aswell.Dependingonthetypeofindustryandgeographicalregion,supplychainoperatorscanplacevaryingemphasisonthereliabilityofsupplychains,aswell.Insummary,supplychainchoicestypicallyincludemultiplecriteriaandtrade-offs,andthismakesananalysisoftheirenvironmentalimpactcomplex;
themostenvironmentallyfriendlychoicesdonotonlydependonmodeoftransportation,butalsoonotherelements,suchasefficiencyandreliability.
Toreducetheenvironmentalfootprintofasupplychain,thefocusshouldbeonseveraldimensionsandshouldselectthebestmodeoftransport,efficientmovements,andinnovation.Comprehensiveworkongreeningindividualmodesoftransportationisalreadyavailable.Here,thekeydrivershavebeenenergyefficiencyandtheurgetodiminishvarioustypesofemission.Giventheintegratednatureofsupplychains,however,themannerinwhichpricesignalsandincentivescatalyzesupplychainstructureisaratherintricateproblem:
lower-emissionmodesoftransport(maritime,e.g.)aretypicallyalsolessreliableorhaveotherlimitations(suchasmaritimeaccesstoalandlockedcountry).Suchlimitationsmayincludethecostofsuchtechnologies,thetemperaturerangewithinwhichtheycanbeusedortheavailabilityofcertaintypesoffuel.ItisthereforecriticaltocomplementthecurrentknowledgeaboutemissionsproducedbydifferentmodesoftransportationwithanunderstandingofwhatdrivesthedemandforGreenLogisticswithinsupplychains.
Theemergingresponseislikelytotaketheformoftop-downpolicy,suchasmeasuresintheformofstandardsortaxesaddressingemissions(GHG,SO2,NOx)bymodeoffreight.Forinstance,acaponSO2emissionsonmajormaritimerouteswillgointoeffectattheendof20152.Atleastasimportantistheresponsefromthebottomup.Thesearesupply-chainstrategiescomingfromtheprivatesectorinresponsetopolicyorpricechanges,butalsodemandfromconsumers,clientsandstake-holders.GreenSupplyChainmanagementhastobetakenseriouslybypolicymakers.
Anexclusivefocusonpricemechanism(includingtaxes),asisthecurrenttendency,maymisssomeofthemajordriverofchangesinsupplychainmanagement.Anothercomplication,atleastinthecontextofinternationaltrade,isthatthefocusontheimpactoninternationallogisticsdoesnotcapturethefootprintofproductionprocesses.Theseprocessesmayhavedifferentimpactthanthesupplychainitself,asinthecaseoffoodproduction.
Thereisalsoevidencethatmuchoftheenvironmentalfootprintoflogisticsoperationsistiedtoshortdistancesanddistribution.GreenLogisticsisintimatelylinkedwithconcernssuchasurbancongestion,andinnovationsinLogisticsarecriticaltosustainablesupplychains.GrassrootsinnovationsinLogisticshaverecentlyflourished,oftenproducingwin-winsolutionsintermsofjobsandtheenvironment.Moregenerally,thereisincreasingawarenessthatgreensupplychainscanbealsocompetitive,eitherbecausetheawarenessoftheenvironmenthelpsproductivityorbecauseconsumersexpectit,particularlyinwealthycountries.
Aconcretecaseinpointisalsotheso-calledsulphuremissionregulationbyIMOthatentersintoforceonJanuary1,2015inmostofNorthSea,BalticSeaandalongwestandeastcoastsofUS&
Canada(barAlaska).Shipshavetogooverfromfuelwith1.5%sulphurto0.1%sulphurorinvestinso-calledscrubbers,thatabsorbthesulphurfromexhaustgases;
technologythatisstillnascentinthemaritimecontext.ScrubberinvestmentpercargoshipisUSD2millionanduowithmultiplesastheshipenginesizeincreases,withannualmaintenancecostapprox..7-10%ofinvestment.Thisseeminglyinnocentandrathertechnicalchangeisgoingtohaveahugeimpactonshippingandthespillovereffecttoothermodes&
SupplychainsaregoingtobesignificantGreenLogisticsalsoencompassespotentiallylonger-termconcerns.Agreenfocuswithinlogisticsanalysiscouldexamineasupplychainvulnerabilitytoclimateeventsortolargeswingsinthepriceoftransportinputs,forinstance.ArecentvolcanicepisodeinIcelandshowedthevulnerabilityofonespecificsupplychainthatreliesheavilyonairfreightfreshproducecomingfromAfricaspoiledwhenflightswerecancelledbecauseofthevolcanicash.Resilienceconcernsandotherformofuncertaintyarelikelytoshapesupplychainchoicesbyregionalandglobaloperators.Giventheimportanceoftradeincomponentsandintra-firmtrade,howlargeoperatorsdevelopgreensupplychainstrategieswillhaveprofoundeconomicimpact.Resilientandgreenersupplychainsarelikelytobelessextendedandleaner,forexample,thoughtheconsequencesfortradeandintegrationoflowincomeeconomiescannotbetreatedfullyhere.
Policymakersshouldbeconcernedbyboththesupplyanddemandaspectsoflogisticsenvironmentaldimensions.Sofar,thepolicyfocushasbeenonmodalfootprintandhasnottakenintoaccountasupplychainperspective.TherehavenotbeenmajorinitiativesinGreenLogistics,eveninthecountriesmostsensitivetotheissue,suchasthoseinNorthernEurope.Ratherthemostimportantchangeshaveoccurredasacombinationoflargelyuncoordinatedpublicandpriv