part III sentencesWord下载.docx

part III sentencesWord下载.docx

《part III sentencesWord下载.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《part III sentencesWord下载.docx（21页珍藏版）》请在冰豆网上搜索。

Whilenon-nativespeakerswrite,theyareusedtothinkingintheirnativelanguage,ortheyusuallyandsimplyexchangethesinglewordsandphrases,ignoringthestructureofsentences.Thustheymakesentencesthatmaynothavegrammarmistakesbutthatarenotwhatnativespeakerssayorwrite.

Exampleone:

Havemoneyequalshaveeverything.

Analysis:

verbscannotbeusedassubjectandobject,whiletheirnon-predicateformscan,soitcanbeimprovedas:

Havingmoneymeanshavingeverything.

Exampletwo:

Themethodsofgettingtoknowthesocietyoncampusareverymany.

therearemainlytwomistakesinthissentence:

1）“Therebe”structureisspecificallyusedtoexpress“有”inChinese.2）Accordingtothemeaningofthesentence,itshouldbe“outsidethecampus”.

Improved:

Therearemanywaystocometoknowsocietyoutsidethecampus.

ExampleThree:

EverytimemyfathercalledmetolearnEnglish,Iwouldtrytofindsomeexcusetoavoidit.

InChinese“叫”doesnotalwaysequalto“call”inEnglish.Inaddition,“TolearnEnglish”shouldbereplacedbysomethingmorespecific.

EverytimewhenmyfatheraskedmetodoEnglishlessons,Iwouldtrytofindsomeexcusetoavoidit.

ExampleFour:

Heisolderinappearancethaninage.

Itisrightingrammar,buthardfornativespeakerstounderstand.

Helooksolderthanhisyears.

Wecanfindsuchexampleshereandthere,forwhichthemainreasoniseitherthelackofabilitytouseEnglishfreelyorthehabittotranslateinwritingEnglish.Toavoidit,peoplecan

（1）Trytowritesomethingspecificinsteadofexpressingabstractideas;

（2）Trytocontrolpurposefullywhatyouwouldliketoexpress.Instead,writesomethingsimpleandeasytoexpressinEnglish;

（3）Trytodividewhatyouarewritingorthinkingintosimplecomponentsandwriteincomparativelyshortsentences.Surelyyoushouldpayattentiontotherelationshipbetweenthesentencesincasetheyarecoherent.

Exercise

RewritethefollowingChinglishintoacceptablesentences:

1.Withthepopularmoreandmorelarge,moreandmorepeopleneedtoeat,washandtoirrigate.

2.Sofreshwaterbecomemoreandmoreshortage

3.InChina,thereisanoldsentence:

birdsdieforfoods,personsdieformoney.

4.Ifyouhavethemood,youcangofishing.

5.WewerearrangedtostudyEnglishfromGrade3.

2.Fragments（不完整句）

Everysentencemusthaveasubjectandaverbandmustexpressacompletethought.Awordgroupthatlacksasubjectoraverbanddoesnotexpressacompletethoughtisafragment.Followingarethemostcommontypesoffragmentsthatpeoplewrite:

（1）Dependent-wordfragments（从属词不完整句）

（2）–ingandtofragments（现在分词和不定式不完整句）

（3）Added-detailfragments（附加细节不完整句）

（4）Missing-subjectfragments（主语缺位不完整句）

Thefollowingwillexplainallthefourtypes.

2.1Dependent-wordfragments

Somewordgroupsthatbeginwithadependentwordarefragments.Followingarealistofcommondependentwords.Wheneveryoustartasentencewithoneofthesewords,youmustbecarefulthatafragmentdoesnotresult.

Dependentwords

after

if,evenif

when;

whenever

although;

though

inorderthat

where;

wherever

as

since

whether

because

that;

sothat

which;

whichever

before

unless

while

eventhough

until

who

how

what;

whatever

whose

Exampleone:

AfterIcashedmypaycheck.Itreatedmyselftodinner.

Adependentstatement---onestartingwithadependentword---cannotstandalone.AfterIcashedmypaycheckisadependentstatement.Itleavesushanging.Weexpecttofindout,inthesamesentence,whathappenedafterthewritercashedthecheck.Whenawriterdoesnotfollowthroughandcompleteathought,afragmentresults.

Corrected:

AfterIcashedmypaycheck,Itreatedmyselftodinner.

Inmostcasesyoucancorrectadependent-wordfragmentbyattachingittothesentencethatcomesafteritorthesentencethatcomesbeforeit.

Inexampleone,thefragmentisattachedtothesentencethatcomesafterit.

ExampleTwo:

Iwon’tleavethehouse.UntilIhearfromyou.

UntilIhearfromyouisafragmentanddoesnotmakesensestandingbyitself.

Iwon’tleavethehouseuntilIhearfromyou.

Inthisexample,thefragmentisattachedtothesentencethatcomesbeforeit.

Anotherwayofcorrectingadependent-wordfragmentissimplytoeliminatethedependentwordbyrewritingthesentence.

Icashedmypaycheckandthentreatedmyselftodinner.

Iwillwaittohearfromyou.

Notes:

a.Useacommaifadependentwordgroupcomesatthebeginningofasentence.Seeexampleone.However,donotgenerallyuseacommaifthedependentwordgroupcomesattheendofasentence.Seeexampletwo.

b.Sometimesthedependentwordswho,that,whichorwhereappearnotattheverystartbutnearthestartofawordgroup.Afragmentoftenresults:

Examplethree:

Idroveslowlypasttheoldbrickhouse.TheplacewhereIgrewup.

TheplacewhereIgrewupisnotinitselfacompletethought.Wewanttoknowinthesamestatementwherewastheplacethewritergrewup.Thefragmentcanbecorrectedbyattachingittothesentencethatcomesbeforeit:

Idroveslowlypasttheoldbrickhouse,theplacewhereIgrewup.

Underlinethedependent-wordfragmentineachitem.Thenrewritetheitems,correctingeachfragmentbyattachingittothesentencethatcomesbeforeorafterit.Useacommaifnecessary.

1.WheneverIspraydeodorant.Mycatarchesherback.Shethinkssheishearingahissingenemy.

2.Myfather,asalesman,wasontheroadallweek.Wehadagreattimeplayingfootballinthehouse.Untilhecamehomefortheweekend.

3.IfKimtakestoolongsayinggood-byetoherboyfriend.Herfatherwillstartaflickingtheporchlight.Thenhewillcomeoutwithaflashlight.

4.AfterIgottoclass.Irealizedmyreportwasstillonthekitchentable.Ihadbeenworkingtherethenightbefore.

2.2–ingandtoFragments

Whenan–ingwordappearsatornearthestartofawordgroup,afragmentmayresult.Suchfragmentsoftenlackasubjectandpartoftheverb.Intheitemsbelow,underlinethewordgroupsthatcontain–ingwords.

Ellenwalkedallovertheneighborhoodyesterday.TryingtofindherdogBo.Severalpeopleclaimedtheyhadseenhimonlyhoursbefore.

ExampleFive:

Wesatbacktowatchthemovie.Notexpectinganythingspecial.Tooursurprise,weclapped,cheered,andcriedforthenexttwohours.

ExampleSix:

Itelephonedtheballoonstore.Itbeingthedaybeforeourweddinganniversary.Iknewmywifewouldbesurprisedtoreceiveadozenheart-shapedballoons.

Howcanpeoplecorrect–ingfragments?

Forexamplefour,attachthefragmenttothesentencethatcomesbeforeitorafterit,whichevermakessense.Itcouldread:

“EllenwalkedallovertheneighborhoodtryingtofindherdogBo.”

Inexamplefive,addasubjectandchangethe–ingverbparttothecorrectform.Itcouldread:

“Wedidn’texpectanythingspecial.”

Inexamplesix,changebeingtothecorrectformoftheverbbe（am,are,is,was,were）.Itcouldread:

“Itwasthedaybeforeourweddinganniversary.”

Whentoappearsatornearthestartofawordgroup,afragmentsometimesresults:

Exampleseven:

AttheChineserestaurant,Timusedchopsticks.Toimpresshisdate.Hespentonehoureatingasmallbowlofrice.

Thesecondwordgroupisafragmentandcanbecorrectedbyaddingittotheprecedingsentence:

AttheChineserestaurant,Timusedchopstickstoimpresshisdate.

Exercise:

Underlinethe–ingortofragmentineachitem.Thenrewriteeachitem,correctingthefragmentbyusingoneofthethreemethodsdescribedabove.

1.Lookingatthewormofthetable.Shelbygroaned.Sheknewshewouldn’tlikewhatthebiologyteachersaidnext.

2.Iputaboxofbakingsodainthefreezer.Togetridofthemustysmell.However,myicecubesstilltastelikeoldsocks.

3.Staringattheclockonthefarwall.Inervouslybeganmyspeech.Iwasafraidtolookatanyofthepeopleintheroom.

4.Togettothebusstationfromhere.Youhavetowalktwoblocksoutofyourway.Thesidewalkistornupbecauseofconstructionwork.

2.3Added-detailFragments

Added-detailfragmentslackasubjectandaverb.Theyoftenbeginwithoneofthefollowingwords:

also,especially,except,forexample,like,including,suchas.

Peopleoftenwriteadded-detailfragmentsformuchthesamereasontheywrite–ingfragments.Theythinkthesubjectandverbinonesentencewillserveforthenextwordgroup.Butthesubjectandtheverbmustbeineachwordgroup.

ExampleEight:

Beforearace,Ieatstarchyfood.Suchasbreadandspaghetti.Thecarbohydratesprovidequickenergy.

Attachthefragmenttothecompletethoughtthatprecedesit.Itcouldread:

“Beforearace,Ieatstarchyfoodsuchasbreadandspaghetti.

ExampleNine:

Bobistakinganightcourseinautomechanics.Also,oneinplumbing.Hewantstosavemoneyonhouseholdrepairs.

Addasubjectandaverbtothefragmenttomakeitacompletesentence.Itcouldread:

“Bobistakinganightcourseinautomechanics.Also,heistakingoneinplumbing.”

ExampleTen:

Mysonkeepsseveralpetsinhisroom.Includ