桥梁专业外文翻译现代桥梁美学的发展空间Word文档格式.docx

桥梁专业外文翻译现代桥梁美学的发展空间Word文档格式.docx

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—TheSpaceForModernBridgeAestheticsDevelopment

PanFang

AbstractTheharmonyofmechanicsandaestheticsisthelogicalbasisfortheexistenceandthedevelopmentofbridgeaesthetics.Whenforce-bearingpropertiesofspaceforcesystemarewovenintobridgedesign,thespiritsofsculptureareinstilledintobridgestructures.Andtheinterventionofthetraditionofhumanitiesconvertsbridgesintospatial-temporalsequencesthatembodylocalconventionalcharacterandrecurtobridges’geniusloci.Thecombinationofbothprovidesmanyalternativesofthedevelopmentofmodernbridgeaesthetics.

Keywordsspaceforcesystemthetraditionofhumanitiesbridgeaesthetics

“Wethinkourcivilizationnearitsmeridian,

butweareyetonlyatthecock-crowingandthemorningstar.”

----Emerson,RalphWaldo

1.Presentstatus

Nowadays,therearetwomainstreamsinbridgesdevelopment.Oneisthetrendofextralong-spanbridges,andanotheristheurbanizationofmiddle-spanorsmall-spanbridges.Thesetwotrendsexactlycorrespondtotwofeaturesofbridges.

Thefirstoneistheculturalfunctionofbridgeservingasasymbolofcriticornationalcharacteradditionaltoitsconventionalfunctiontosupportloads.Thegiantexposedelementsofbridgesinherentlyembodyhuman’sstrength,courageandwilltoconquertheriver.Andthisisespeciallytrueinextralong-spanbridges.Anotherobviouscharacterofbridgeisthatitenablespeopletooccupythespaceownedbyriver.Asaresult,ononehand,humanattachestothespacewhereheoriginallybelongsto,ontheotherhandhecanmovebackandforthbetweenbanks.Thatmakeshimfeelsimultaneouslyinteriorandexterior,openness,freedomandprotection.Thisexperienceofpassengerscomesthroughthestreamofcomplexinterplayofstructureitselfanditssurroundings.

Uptonow,experienceaccumulatedonspaceforcesystemsguaranteesthecredibilityofsuchcomplexstructuresascable-archstructuresandbridgessubjectedtogale.Andadvancedcomputer-aideddesignfacilitatesvisualizationofthree-dimensionalmodelofthestructureunderdiscussion.Technologicalrestrainsisloosening.Atthesametime,bridgeaestheticsbegintothrive.Geniusloci,namely,spiritsofplace,aredesired,whicharedeeplyrootedinthetraditionofhumanities.Differentconnectsarewellarrangedtodisplayaspatial-temporalsequenceswhicharouseresonanceofvisitors.

Thematurityofbridgedesigntechniqueandtheemphasisonhumanismandtraditionareprerequisitesofprogressofbridgeaesthetics.

2.Potentialspacelatentinspaceforcesystem

2.1Theoreticalsupport

Admittedly,conventionalproceduresforbridgedesignhaveadeepinfluenceonbridgeaesthetics.Becausetheloadsonbridgesaremorecomplexthanthatonbuildings,intheconceptdesignstage,architectureisinvolvedmuchless.Andbeforetheintroductionofcomputer-aideddesignsoftware,almostallbridgesweresimplifiedintotwo-dimensionstructuresinordertoavoidthesolutionoflargescalelinearprogramming.Unfortunately,thisartificehasitsside-effect.Itneglectsbridgeisastructureofthree-dimensionwhohasabundantexpressiveforces.Consequently,thesimilaritybetweendifferentbridgesandthestiffnessintheirappearanceoccur.

Thenhowtoelicitthevigorinsidebridgeswhenweareliberatedformcalculationtosomeextent?

Revertingtobridges’originalnatureofagiantsculptureisanoptimalchoice.Asathree-dimensionstructure,bridgedemandsdesignersnotonlymentallytovisualizeacomplexformfromallrounditself,toidentifyitscentreofgravity,itsmass,itsweight,torealizeitsvolume,asthespacethattheshapedisplacesintheair,butalsotheaccurateexpressionoftheinternalwaystotransferloads,whereliesthedifferencebetweenbridgesandcommonsculptures.Thecriticalstepisweavinginvisibleloadpathsintothenatureofbridgemold.Theexamplebelowillustratesthat.

Theonenessofaestheticsandmechanicsisthelogicalbasisfortheconceptadvocatedabove.Fordesigners,theworkdoesn’trestonthatprimarylevel.Familiaritywiththebehaviorofspaceforcesystemisdesired,whichincludesstaticloadsdistribution,structuraldynamicresponsetowinds,waves,andcozyextentforpassengers.

Differentresultscomeoutwhenbridgesmainyresistdifferentloads.Ifbridgeismainlysubjectedtostaticloads,foraninstance,thestructureweight,spectatorspassingthroughitwillperceivethepowerandthefrozenmovementofit.Andifdynamic,forexample,wind,thesecurityspringsfrombridge’sprotection.

2.2Analysisofexamples

2.2.1Cable-archstructure

CampoVolantinFootbridge,acrossRiverNervion,inBilbao,Spain,tellsanexactstoryofhowaleaningarchkeepsstableintheweaveofcables.Theconstructionsystemisasteelinclinedparabolicarchwithglassdecking.Thetortuousdeckofthesingle-spannedfootbridgeissuspendedontheleaningarch,andtheverywarpechoestothestreamofvisitorsfromlowerreachesoftheriver.Balanceisachievedbyproperlysettingleaningarch,whichsustainsmostoftheloads,andthehorizontalcurvingdeck.Thearchisacrossthefootpath,structurallysupportedbyscatteredcables,andatthesametime,mainbeamissimplifiedintoasteelwell-proportionedtube.Fig.2shows.

Therecordofdesign’sevolutionshowedhowthetypicalarchisgraduallyweakened,andthegeometricalformbecomemoreandmorecomplex,whichemphasizetheimpressionofmovement.Alongtheinteriorsideofitscurvingdeck,thereisaseriesoflowweightcables,eachofwhichlinksthearchandhorizontaldeck,weavingabeautifulcurvebygraduallychangingtheveryangle.Inaverticalplane,allcablesextendoutward,whoseimaginaryfocusalludesarotarytrenddifferentfromtheaxisofthesteelarch.Theforcesgenerateacurveatthetopofarch.Additionally,straightsideofarchandcablesconverginginthemiddleofthearchformapeculiarcombinationultimately.Thepiersnotonlytransfertheconcentratedloadstothegroundequablybutalsoserveascircumscriptionbetweenthelocationandtheabstractspaceoccupiedbybridgeitself.

Anapparentdisequilibriumorratherasenseoffrozenmovementisheightenedbythelightnessofthestructure.ScatteredsunlightofBasquecastscontinuouslyvariedshadowontheseneatcompressedbars,achievingdramaticeffect.

2.2.2Truss

AnotherrepresentativeisWettsteinBridgeacrossRhine,inBasel,Switzerland.Themainarchessecedesotherauxiliaryelementstoexpressseparately,whosustaintheallweightofbridge.Theobliquetrussarchdramaticallyeliminatesbothitsownweightandtheponderosityofprofile.Itdoesreachonemilestoneofcreatingtheopportunitytoinstallthinneracrosssection.Inordertodistributetheconcentratedloadintotheside-pushloadpathandtostrengthenthecompressedarch,itisofstructuralimportancetoreinforcethelongitudinalstiffness.Thisdesiredstiffnessisprovidedbyapairoftetrahedrons,whoselowerchords,constitutinganevencurve,properlyserveasfoiltotheoutlineofmainarch.Asawhole,thedetailsofthisbridgeexplainmoreonhowloadsaretransferredthroughnodesandhownodesinfluencestressfield.Fig.3shows.

ThisdesignembodiesatypicalbridgeaestheticstyleofmiddleEurope.Thebridgetowers,theclassicalbasicproportionandthedetailsofsteelstructureallremindpeopleoftheancientbridgesinViennaorParis.

2.2.3Slopeandcurvedbridge

ThegiantvolumeofKumamotoBridgeconnectsthreeislandsofAmakusa-shotointheSouthJapan.Fisheryhasalonghistory,whichcreatesaharmoniousrelationshipbetweenlocalinhabitantsandnaturalenvironment.Sothisemotionalneedmustbeproperlyrespondedto.Thecurvedlinecanmeetsthisdemand,butitwillgeneratearotarytrendofmovement.Asanimportantconnectamongthreeislands,thehighertrafficcapacityisavitalfactor.What’smore,galeoftenappearsinbeachfront,whichshouldbeconsideredalongwiththeexpectedtrafficflow.

Theultimatedesignisaslopeandcurvedbridgewithrepetitivesteelboxsection.Theoutlookislikeahugearch,whichcurves,contorts,andascends.Atthefirstglance,itsappearancedoesn’tmeasureuptothecurvestylehighwayengineersareusedto,whichisimposedonnaturaltopographyandresultsindiscordancewithsurroundingsinmanyAmericanfreewaysexecuted.Fortunately,KumamotoBridgeblendswellwithitslocationandechoestotheislandsitconnectsinspace.Andthesimplicityinbothstructureandappearanceresiststhedangertobecomeadaredevilmanmadestructureortoexaggeratedlyexpressitsmobility.Fig.4show.

Full-depthboxsectionisgoodatbeingcontorted,andhenceitcanresisttherotarytrendofmovementofthehugeprominentcurve.Theconcavedefenseboardsaresetalongtheedgeofdeck.Theyhavebeenadjustedaccordingtowindtunnelresultstomakepavementandbikewayareinareawhereairflowstandsalmoststill.Thusitprotectspassengersfromthegale.Windtunnelexperimentsarealsousedtoimprovesectionshape.Theoptimalcurvedsurfaceofbottomischoseninordertosmoothairflowandconsequentlyimprovetheefficiencyofthecontortedbox.

Thearrangementofsuspendinglight-weightelementsoverlarge-scalestructuresremindspeopleofJapanesearchitecturesinearlystage,whichuselargeblockofstonesasfoundationsandcomparativelylighttimbersforsuperstructures.Thepiersareprismswithrightangles,whichaddsolemnitytothebridgeandintensivelycontrasttogentlecurvedbottom.Thesteelbeamissustainedonthesphericalpillars,whichactivi