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4.2CIF15

4.3CFR16

5.ThreeCommonUsedTradeTerms18

5.1FCA18

5.2CPT19

5.3CIP19

Conclusion21

References22

Abstract

IntheforeigntradeinEnglish，somecommonlyusedthe"

price"

ofthephrase.Foreigntradealsooccursbecauseacountryoftendoesnothaveenoughofaparticularitemtomeetitsneeds.

Intoday’seconomicworld,neitherindividualsnornationsareself-sufficient.Nationshaveutilizeddifferenteconomicresourceswhilepeoplehavedevelopeddifferentskills.Thisisthefoundationofworldtradeandeconomicactivity.

Tradetermsstandforspecificobligationsofthebuyerandtheseller.Everycommercialtransactionisbaseduponasalescontract,andthetradetermsusedinthecontracthavetheimportantfunctionofnamingtheexactpointatwhichtheownershipofthemerchandiseistransferredfromthesellertothebuyer.Thesellerorthebuyershallhandleaseriesofcomplicatedformalities,whichincludecarryingoutcustomsformalitiesforthegoods,obtainingtheimportorexportlicense,charteringashiporbookingshippingspace,makinginsurance,askingforinspection,etc.andpayallkindsofchargesandexpenses,suchasfreight,loadingandunloadingexpenses,insurancepremium,warehousecharges,dutiesandtaxes,andothermiscellaneousexpenses.ThebuyershouldnotethatundertheCIPterm,thesellerisrequiredtoobtaininsuranceonlyonminimumcover.Shouldthebuyerwishtohavetheprotectionofgreatercover,hewouldneedeithertoagreeassuchexpresslywiththesellerortomakehisownextrainsurancearrangements.

Keywords:

foreigntrade,individuals,ownership,insurance

1.Introduction

Ininternationaltrade,pricetermliesatthecoreofthetermsandconditionsofacontractandoftenresultsinsomeofthekeyproblemsforwhichanexporterandanimporterhavetostrive.what`smore,sendinggoodsfromonecountrytoanother,aspartofacommercialtransaction,canbeariskybusiness.Iftheyarelostordamaged,orifdeliverydoesnottakeplaceforsomeotherreasons,theclimateofconfidencebetweenthepartiesmaygegeneratetothepointwherealawsuitisbrought.Thus,thepricingproblemanexporterandanimporterdealwithisfarmorecomplicatedthanthatindomestictrade.Besidesthecostcoveredinthecalculationofexportprice,thepricequotationinexporttradeshouldalsoindicatewhichpartyistobeartheexpensesoffreightage,insuranceandotherrelevantcharges,andwhichpartyistobeartherisksincaseofthegoodsbeingdamaged.Inordertocompletetheirdealssuccessful,thesellersandthebuyersininternationalcontractshadbetter,attheverybeginningofthedeal,makecleartoeachothertheirrespectiveobligationsandfindthefullexpressionofthoseinthepriceterms

2.InternationalTradeTerms

2.1Threesetsofrules

Warsaw-OxfordRules1932

RevisedAmericanForeignTradeDefinitions1941

InternationalRulesfortheInterpretationofTradeTerms2000

Initiallyin1928---“WarsawRules,1928”

22provisionsgoverningtherightsandobligationsofthepartiestoasaleofgoodsonCIF（Cost,InsuranceandFreight）contractterms.

Revisedin1932---the“Warsaw-OxfordRules1932”

provisionsagainmainlyaboutCIF

ExPointofOrigin

FOB（freeonboard）

FAS（freealongside）

6variantsofFOB

FOB（namedinlandcarrieratnamedinlandpointofdeparture）

FOB（namedinlandcarrieratnamedinlandpointofdeparture）FreightPrepaidto（namedpointofexportation）

FOB（namedinlandcarrieratnamedinlandpointofdeparture）FreightAllowedto（namedpointofexportation）

FOB（namedinlandcarrieratnamedinlandpointofexportation）

FOBVessel（namedportofshipment）≈Incoterms’FOB

FOB（namedinlandpointincountryofimportation）

2.3InternationalRulesfortheInterpretationofTradeTerms2000（Incoterms2000）

1936---firstcreatedbyInternationalChamberofCommerce（ICC）

Thepurposesofincoterms:

Togivethebusinessmenasetofinternationalrulesfortheinterpretationofthemostcommonlyusedtradeterms

Toclarifytheobligationsofthebuyerandtheseller

Tosimplifythecontractnegotiations

Tosavetimeandcost

Revisedin1953、1967、1976、1980、1990、2000

BasicsofIncoterms2000

3.termsintofourcategories

"

E"

-term—theselleronlymakesthegoodsavailabletothebuyerattheseller'

sownpremises.

F"

-terms—theselleriscalledupontodeliverthegoodstoacarrierappointedbythebuyer.

C"

-terms—thesellerhastocontractforcarriage,butwithoutassumingtheriskoflossordamagetothegoodsoradditionalcostsduetoeventsoccurringaftershipmentordispatch.

D"

-terms—thesellerhastobearallcostsandrisksneededtobringthegoodstotheplaceofdestination.

3.1Intercoms2000GroupAnalysis:

TradeTerms

PlaceofDelivery

DivisionofRisks

Ex.clearance

carriage

insurance

Im.clearance

Modeoftransport

EXW

Seller’spremises

Goodsatthedisposalofbuyer

B

Anymode

FCA

Inlandplaceorportofshipment

Goodsatthedisposalofcarrier

S

FAS

Portofshipment

Goodsplacedalongsidethevessel

Seaorinlandwaterway

FOB

Goodspasstheship’srail

CFR

CIF

CPT

CIP

DAF

DES

Portofdestination

Goodsatthedisposalofbuyeronboardthevessel

DEQ

Goodsatthedisposalofbuyeronthequay

DDU

Inlandplaceintheimportingcountry

DDP

3.2BriefofIncoterms

3.2.1The“E”term（EXW）

Seller’sobligationmin.

Placingthegoodsatthedisposalofthebuyerattheagreedplace–usuallyhisownpremises

Inpractice,alsoincludingassistingthebuyerinloadingthegoodsonthebuyer’scollectingvehiclewithoutchargingaloadingfee

Forthebuyertogetlowerprice,buttoodemandingforhim,thereforeonlyappliedtobuyershavingoffshorebranches

EXW:

Delivery:

atseller’spremises

Transferofrisks:

goodsatthedisposalofthebuyer

Packagingandloading:

Usu.sellernoobligationforexportpackagingandloading;

Exportcustomsclearance:

Usu.buyer’sresponsibility,sometimesbuyerdoitforbuyer,butbearnorisks

3.2.2The“F”terms（FCA,FAS,FOB）

Shipmentcontract:

Sellerdeliversthegoodsforcarriageasinstructedbythebuyer;

buyerpaysfreightandsignscarriagecontractwithcarrierandnotifyseller

FAS&

FOBonlyforseaorinlandwaterwaytransportationmode

Seller’sobligation,costandrisktransferstobuyerafterdeliveryofthegoods;

Seller–exportinglicenseandexportcustomsclearance

Buyer–importinglicenseandimportcustomsclearance

FCAFreeCarrier（….Namedplace）

goodsatthedisposalofthe（1st）carrier

Deliverypoint:

Ifatseller’ssite,sellerresponsibleforloading

Ifanywhereelse,sellerresponsiblefordeliveringthegoodstothepointrequired,butnotresponsibleforunloadingorreloading

FASFreeAlongsideShip（…namedportofshipment）

atportofshipment

Transferofrisk:

goodsputalongsidethevessel

Ifvesselunabletoentertheportduetoforcemajeure,thesellerisresponsibleforarrangingandpayingforthelighterstosendthegoodsalongsidethevesseloffshore.（sellerpaysforlightercharges）

FOBFreeonBoard（…namedportofshipment）

goodspassovertheship’srail

Costandobligation:

thesellerispayingforthenecessaryhandlingofgoodsuntiltheyareloadedonboardthevessel.

Strictlyspeaking,transferofrisks≠transferofobligationandcost

3.2.3The“C”terms（CFR,CIF,CPT,CIP）

Shipmentcontracts

Sellercontractforcarriageonusualtermsathisownexpense.

CFR&

CIFonlyforseaorinlandwaterwaytransportationmode

UnderCIFandCIP,selleralsotakesoutinsuranceandinsurancecost.

The“C”terms（CFR,CIF,CPT,CIP）

Two“critical”points:

Port（place）ofshipment–towhichthebuyertakesovertherisks

Port（place）ofdestination–towhichthesellerisboundtoarrangeandbearthecostsofacontractofcarriage.Exceptionofcontainertransport:

thecontainershiphasnorail,deliveryisfulfilledwhenthegoodsarehandedovertothecontainercarrier.

CFRCostandFreight（…namedportofdestination）

ShareseveryfeaturewithFOBexceptforoceanfreightcharge

Freightatseller’scost:

Sellerpaythenormaltransportcostforthecarriageofthevesselbyausualrouteandinacustomarymannertotheagreedplace

Buyertaketheriskoflo