Tidal stream generator文档格式.docx

Tidal stream generator文档格式.docx

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oftenreferredtoasa 

tidalenergyconverter（TEC） 

isamachinethatextracts 

energy 

frommovingmassesofwater,inparticular 

tides,althoughthetermisoftenusedinreferencetomachinesdesignedtoextractenergyfromrunofriverortidalestuarinesites.Certaintypesofthesemachinesfunctionverymuchlikeunderwater 

windturbines,andarethusoftenreferredtoas 

tidalturbines.Theywerefirstconceivedinthe1970sduringtheoilcrisis.[1]

Tidalstreamgeneratorsarethecheapestandtheleastecologicallydamagingamongthe 

threemainforms 

of 

tidalpowergeneration.[2]

Contents

[hide] 

∙1 

Similaritytowindturbines

∙2 

Typesoftidalstreamgenerators

o2.1 

Axialturbines

o2.2 

Verticalandhorizontalaxiscrossflowturbines

o2.3 

Flowaugmentedturbines

o2.4 

Oscillatingdevices

o2.5 

Venturieffect

∙3 

Commercialplans

∙4 

Energycalculations

o4.1 

Turbinepower

o4.2 

Resourceassessment

∙5 

Potentialsites

∙6 

Environmentalimpacts

∙7 

Seealso

∙8 

References

Similaritytowindturbines 

[edit]

Tidalstreamgeneratorsdrawenergyfromwatercurrentsinmuchthesamewayas 

windturbines 

drawenergyfromaircurrents.However,thepotentialforpowergenerationbyanindividualtidalturbinecanbegreaterthanthatofsimilarlyratedwindenergyturbine.Thehigherdensityofwaterrelativetoair（waterisabout800timesthedensityofair）meansthatasinglegeneratorcanprovidesignificantpoweratlowtidalflowvelocitiescomparedwithsimilarwindspeed.[3]Giventhatpowervarieswiththedensityofmediumandthecubeofvelocity,waterspeedsofnearlyone-tenththespeedofwindprovidethesamepowerforthesamesizeofturbinesystem;

howeverthislimitstheapplicationinpracticetoplaceswherethetidemovesatspeedsofatleast2 

knots（1 

m/s）evenclosetoneaptides.Furthermore,athigherspeedsinaflowbetween2to3 

metrespersecondinseawateratidalturbinecantypicallyaccessfourtimesasmuchenergyperrotorsweptareaasasimilarlyratedpowerwindturbine.

Typesoftidalstreamgenerators 

Sincetidalstreamgeneratorsareanimmaturetechnology,nostandardtechnologyhasyetemergedastheclearwinner,butalargevarietyofdesignsarebeingexperimentedwith,someveryclosetolargescaledeployment.Severalprototypeshaveshownpromisewithmanycompaniesmakingboldclaims,someofwhichareyettobeindependentlyverified,buttheyhavenotoperatedcommerciallyforextendedperiodstoestablishperformancesandratesofreturnoninvestments.

The 

EuropeanMarineEnergyCentre 

recognizessixprincipaltypesoftidalenergyconverter.Theyarehorizontalaxisturbines,verticalaxisturbines,oscillatinghydrofoils,venturidevices,ArchimedesScrew,tidalkite.[4][5]

Axialturbines 

Bottom-mountedaxialturbines

Acabletetheredturbine

Thesearecloseinconcepttotraditionalwindmillsoperatingundertheseaandhavethemostprototypescurrentlyoperating.Theseinclude:

TheAR-1000,a1MWtidalturbinedevelopedbyAtlantisResourcesCorporationwhichwassuccessfullydeployedandcommissionedattheEMECfacilityduringthesummerof2011.TheARseriesturbinesarecommercialscaleHorizontalAxisTurbinesdesignedforopenoceandeploymentintheharshestenvironmentsontheplanet.ARturbinesfeatureasinglerotorsetwithhighlyefficientfixedpitchblades.TheARturbineisrotatedasrequiredwitheachtidalexchange.Thisisdoneintheslackperiodbetweentidesandfixedinplacefortheoptimalheadingforthenexttide.ARturbinesareratedat1MW@2.65m/sofwaterflowvelocity.[citationneeded]

Kvalsund,southof 

Hammerfest, 

Norway.[6] 

Althoughstillaprototype,aturbinewithareportedcapacityof300 

kWwasconnectedtothegridon13November2003.

A300 

kWPeriodflowmarinecurrentpropellertypeturbine—Seaflow—wasinstalledby 

MarineCurrentTurbines 

offthecoastof 

Lynmouth, 

Devon,England,in2003.[7] 

The11mdiameterturbinegeneratorwasfittedtoasteelpilewhichwasdrivenintotheseabed.Asaprototype,itwasconnectedtoadumpload,nottothegrid.

SinceApril2007 

VerdantPower[8] 

hasbeenrunningaprototypeprojectinthe 

EastRiver 

between 

Queens 

and 

RooseveltIslandinNewYorkCity;

itwasthefirstmajortidal-powerprojectintheUnitedStates.[9] 

Thestrongcurrentsposechallengestothedesign:

thebladesofthe2006and2007prototypesbrokeoff,andnewreinforcedturbineswereinstalledinSeptember2008.[10][11]

FollowingtheSeaflowtrial,afull-sizeprototype,called 

SeaGen,wasinstalledbyMarineCurr