新编简明英语语言学教程第二版整理文档格式.docx
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3.Language:
Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.
4.descriptive(描述性):
Alinguisticstudyaimstodescribeandanalyzethelanguagepeopleactuallyuse.
5.prescriptive(规定性):
Itaimstolaydownrulesfor“correctandstandard”behaviors.
i.e.whattheyshouldsayandwhattheyshouldnottosay.
6.synchronic(共时语言学):
thedescriptionoflanguageatsomepointoftimeinhiatory
7.diachronic(历时语言学):
thedescriptionoflanguageasitchangesthroughtime
3)speech(口语)Writing(书面语)
Thesethetwomediaofcommunication.Modernlinguisticsregardsthespokenlanguageasprimary,notthewritten.(speechispriortowriting)
8.langue(语言):
referstoabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofthespeechcommunity.
Itisthesetofconventionsandruleswhichlanguageusersallhavetoabideby.Suchas:
InEnglishsentencemusthavesubjectandpredicate.
9.parole(言语):
referstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse.
Itisconcreteuseoftheconventionsandtheapplicationoftherules.(Saussure)
petence(语言能力):
theidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage
11.performance(语言应用):
theactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.(Chomsky)
traditionalgrammarandmodernlinguistics
1.linguisticsisdescriptive,whiletraditionalgrammarisprescriptive
2.modernlinguisticsregardsthespokenlanguageasprimary,notthewriter.
3.alsointhatitdoesnotforcelanguagesintoalatin-basedframework.
Functionsoflanguage.
1.thedescriptivefunction.
2.theexpressivefunction
3.thesocialfunction
Chapter2:
Phonology音系学
phonetics:
thestudyofthephonicmediumoflanguage;
itisconcernedwithallthesoundsthatoccurintheworld’slanguages9.
Thethreebranchesofphonetics
(1).Articulatoryphonetics(发音语音学)(longesthistory)
(2.)Auditoryphonetics(听觉语音学)
(3)Acousticphonetics(声学语音学)
2.Speechorgans:
threeimportantareas
⑴Pharyngealcavity咽腔----thethroat;
⑵Theoralcavity口腔----themouth;
⑶Nasalcavity–鼻腔---thenose.
Theprinciplesourcesuchmodificationsisthetongue.
Thetongueisthemostflexible.
InternationalPhoneticAlphabet[IPA]:
thebasicprincipleoftheIPAisusingoneletterselectedfrommajorEuropeanlanguagestorepresentonespeechsound.
Broadtranscription宽式音标.Thetranscriptionofspeechsoundswithlettersymbolsonly.
Narrowtranscription窄式音标Thetranscriptionofspeechsoundwithletterssymbolsandthediacritics.
Aspiratedandunaspirated
1).phonology:
音系学Itaimstodiscoverhowspeechsoundsinalanguageformpatternsandhowthesesoundsareusedtoconveymeaninginlinguisticcommunication.
4.Phone,phoneme,allophone
Aphone音素isaphoneticunitorsegment.
Thespeechsoundswehearandproduceduringlinguisticcommunicationareallphones.Phonesdonotnecessarilydistinguishmeaning,somedo,somedon’t,e.g.[bI:
t]&
[bIt],[spIt]&
[spIt].
Aphoneme音位isaphonologicalunit;
itisaunitofdistinctivevalue;
anabstractunit,notaparticularsound,butitisrepresentedbyacertainphoneincertainphoneticcontext,e.g.thephoneme/p/canberepresenteddifferentlyin[pIt],[tIp]and[spIt].
Allophones音素变体----thephonesthatcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironments
sequentialrule,
⑴Sequentialrule(序列规则):
rulegoverningthecombinationofsoundsinaparticularlanguage.
⑵Assimilationrule(同化规则):
ruleassimilatingonesoundtoanotherbycopyingfeaturesofsequentialphoneme,thusmakingthetwophonessimilar.
⑶Deletionrule(省略规则):
rulegoverningthedeletionofasoundinacertainphoneticcontextalthoughitisrepresentedinspelling.
6.Suprasegmentalfeatures(超切分特征)
⑴Stress
Wordstressandsentencestress
⑵Tone声调
Tonesarepitchvariations,whicharecausedbythedifferingratesofvibrationofthevocalcords.
Englishisnotatonelanguage,butChineseis.
⑶Intonation语调
Whenpitch,stressandlengthvariationsaretiedtothesentenceratherthantotheword,theyarecollectivelyknownasintonation.
Englishhasthreetypesofintonationthataremostfrequentlyused:
fallingtone(matteroffactstatement)
risingtone(doubtsorquestion)
thefall-risetone(impliedmessage)
thefrise-falltone(notfrequentlyused)
Forinstance,“That’snotthebookhewants.
Chapter3:
Morphology
1).Morphology形态学:
referstothethestudyoftheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed
2).Morpheme词素:
Itisthesmallestmeaningfulunito