International-Financial-Management---Bekaert-2e---Solutions---Ch08.doc

International-Financial-Management---Bekaert-2e---Solutions---Ch08.doc

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9

Chapter8:

PurchasingPowerParityandRealExchangeRates

Chapter 8

PurchasingPowerParityandRealExchangeRates

QUESTIONS

1.Whatdoesthepurchasingpowerofamoneymean?

Howcanitbemeasured?

Answer:

Thepurchasingpowerofamoneyisalsoknownasitsrealvalueandindicatestheamountofgoodsandservicesthatcanbepurchasedwithagivenamountofthemoney.Wemeasurepurchasingpowerbyfirstcalculatingthepricelevel,whichisaweightedaverageofthepricesofthegoodsandservicesthatpeopleconsume.Theweightsinthepricelevelreflectthesharesofthesegoodsandservicesintheconsumptionbundleofatypicalindividual.Thepurchasingpowerofthemoneyisthenfoundbytakingthereciprocalofthepricelevel.Theunitsofthepricelevelareanamountofmoneyperconsumptionbundle,andtheunitsofpurchasingpowerareconsumptionbundlesperunitofmoney.

2.Supposethegovernmentreleasesinformationthatcausespeopletoexpectthatthepurchasingpowerofamoneyinthefuturewillbelessthantheypreviouslyhadexpected.Whatwillhappentotheexchangeratetoday?

Why?

Answer:

Typically,whenpeoplethinkthatthepurchasingpowerofamoneyisgoingtodeclineinthefuture,duetohigherexpectedinflation,theytrytosellthatcurrencytodaytogetintoacurrencythatwillhavemorestablepurchasingpower.Thisreduceddemandforthecurrencycausesthatcurrencytoweakenordepreciateimmediately.

3.Whatisthedifferencebetweenapricelevelandapriceindex?

Answer:

Thepricelevelisaweightedaverageofthepricesofthegoodsandservicesthatpeopleconsume.Thepriceindexisaratioofapricelevelatonepointintimetothepricelevelinsomebaseyear,withtheratiousuallymultipliedby100.Thus,ifthepricelevelinagivenyearis30%higherthanthepricelevelinthebaseyear,thepriceindexwouldbe130.Pricelevelsgiveyouinformationaboutthepurchasingpowerofacurrency.Priceindexesgiveyouinformationabouttherateofinflationbetweentwopointsintime.

4.Whatdoeconomistsmeanbythelawofoneprice?

Whymightthelawofonepricebeviolated?

Answer:

Thelawofonepricesaysthatthepriceofagood,whendenominatedinaparticularcurrency,isthesamewhereverintheworldthegoodisbeingsold.Thelawofonepricereliesonarbitrageinthegoodsmarket.Ifthegoodisbeingsoldinoneplaceatalowpriceandisbeingsoldinadifferentplaceatahighprice,peoplehaveanincentivetoarbitragethetwomarkets.Therefore,anythingthatmakesitdifficultorcostlytoarbitrageinthegoodsmarketcancreateadeviationfromthelawofoneprice.Clearly,transactioncosts,suchasthecostsofshipping,generatedeviationsfromthelawofonepricethatcannotbearbitraged.Tariffsandquotasonimportsandexportsalsocreatedeviations.Ifmarketsarenotcompetitiveandfirmshavesomemonopolypower,thecorporationmaydecidetochargedifferentpricesindifferentcountries,butitmustbeabletosegmentthemarketstopreventarbitrage.Ifarbitragecannotbedoneinstantaneously,therewillbeaspeculativeelementthatentersthecalculationsandthespeculatormayhavetobecompensatedfortheriskoflosswithanexpectedprofitfrombuyinginonemarketandsellinginanothermarketatalaterpointintime.Finally,variousgoodsmarketsaresubjecttoacertainamountofpricestickinessbecauseofthecostsofchangingprices.Becauseexchangeratesareassetpricesandfreelyflexible,unanticipatedchangesinexchangerateswillcreatedeviationsfromthelawofonepriceifgoodspricesaresticky.

5.WhatisthevalueoftheexchangeratethatsatisfiesabsolutePPP?

Answer:

Absolutepurchasingpowerparityrequiresthattheinternalpurchasingpowerofacurrencyequalsitsexternalpurchasingpower.Theinternalpurchasingpoweriscalculatedbytakingthereciprocalofthepricelevel,andtheexternalpurchasingpoweriscalculatedbyfirstexchangingthedomesticmoneyintotheforeignmoneyintheforeignexchangemarketandthencalculatingthepurchasingpowerofthatamountofforeigncurrencyintheforeigncountry.Hence,thepredictionofabsolutePPPfortheexchangerateofdomesticcurrencyperunitofforeigncurrencyisfoundbyequatingtheinternalpurchasingpowerofthedomesticcurrencytotheexternalpurchasingpowerofthedomesticcurrency:

whereP（DC）isthedomesticpricelevel,P（FC）istheforeignpricelevel,andSPPPsignifiestheexchangerateofdomesticcurrencyperunitofforeigncurrencythatsatisfiesthePPPrelation.BysolvingforSPPP,wefind

6.IftheactualexchangeratefortheeurovalueoftheBritishpoundislessthantheexchangeratethatwouldsatisfyabsolutePPP,whichofthecurrenciesisovervaluedandwhichisundervalued?

Why?

Answer:

Thetermin