王蔷《英语教学法教程》总复习资料.docx
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RevisionContents:
Unit1LanguageandLearning
1.Whatarethemajorviewsoflanguage?
Whataretheirimplicationstolanguageteachingorlearning?
StructuralView:
Itseeslanguageasalinguisticsystemmadeupofvarioussubsystem:
fromphonological,morphological,lexical,etc.tosentence.Eachlanguagehasafinitenumberofsuchstructuralitems.
Tolearnalanguagemeanstolearnthesestructuralitemssoastobeabletounderstandandproducelanguage.
Audiolingualapproach:
Theteachingofasecondlanguagethroughimitation,repetition,andreinforcement.Itemphasizestheteachingofspeakingandlisteningbeforereadingandwritingandtheuseofmothertongueintheclassroomisnotallowed.Theprincipalfeaturesofaudiolingualismareanemphasisonstructuresinthelanguagewhichcanbelearnedasregularpatternsofverbalbehaviorandthebeliefthatlearningisaprocessofhabitformation.
FunctionalView:
Itseeslanguageasalinguisticsystembutalsoasameansfordoingthings.Mostofourday-to-daylanguageuseinvolvesfunctionalactivities:
offering,suggesting,advising,apologizing,etc.Therefore,learnerslearnalanguageinordertodothingswithit.Toperformfunctions,learnersneedtoknowhowtocombinethegrammaticalrules andthevocabularytoexpressnotionsthatperformthefunctions.Communicativeapproachesarebasedonthisviewoflanguage.
InteractionalView:
Itconsiderslanguageasacommunicativetool,whosemainuseistobuildupandmaintainsocialrelationsbetweenpeople.Therefore,learnersnotonlyneedtoknowthegrammarandvocabularyofthelanguage,butalsoneedtoknowtherulesforusingtheminawholerangeofcommunicativecontext.
Someofthelanguagelearningapproachesandmethodsbasedonthisviewoflanguageare:
Strategicinteraction;communicativeapproaches.
2.WhatarethemajorViewsonlanguagelearning?
Whataretheirimplicationstolanguageteaching?
Behaviouralisttheory
Basedonthetheoryofconditioning,Skinnersuggestedlanguageisalsoaformofbehaviour.Itcanbelearnedthesamewayasananimalistrainedtorespondtostimuli.Thistheoryoflanguagelearningisreferredtoasbehaviouralism,whichwasadoptedforsometimebythelanguageteachingprofession,particularlyinAmerica.
Oneinfluentialresultistheaudio-lingualmethod,whichinvolvesendless“listenandrepeat”drillingactivities.Theideaofthis methodisthatlanguageislearnedbyconstantrepetitionandthereinforcementoftheteacher.Mistakeswere
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immediatelycorrected,andcorrectutteranceswereimmediatelypraised.Thismethodisstillusedinmanypartsoftheworldtoday.
Cognitivetheory
ItseemstobelargelytheresultofNoamChomsky‟sreactiontoSkinner‟sbehaviouraltheory,whichledtotherevivalofstructurallinguistics.
ThekeypointofChomsky‟stheoryisreflectedinhismostfamousquestion:
iflanguageisalearnedbehaviour,howcanachildproduceasentencethathasneverbeensaidbyothersbefore.
Oneinfluentialideaisthatstudentsshouldbeallowedtocreatetheirownsentencesbasedontheirunderstandingofcertainrules.ThisideaisclearlyinoppositiontotheAudio-LingualMethod.
Accordingtothecognitivetheory,learningisaprocessinwhichthelearneractivelytriestomakesenseofdata.Thebasictechniqueassociatedwithacognitivetheoryoflanguagelearningistheproblem-solvingtask.
Constructivisttheory:
Learningisacomplexcognitiveprocessinwhichthelearnerconstructsmeaningbasedonhisorherownexperiencesandwhathe/shealreadyknows.
Implicationsforclassroomteaching
Teachingshouldbebuiltbasedonwhatlearnersalreadyknowandengagelearnersinlearningactivities.
Itisbelievedthateducationisusedtodevelopthemind,notjusttorotateorrecallwhatislearned.
Teachersneedtodesignactivitiestointeractwithlearnerstofosterinventive,creative,criticallearners.
Teachersmustbalanceanunderstandingofthehabits,characteristicsaswellaspersonalitiesofindividuallearnerswithanunderstandingofthemeansofarousinglearners‟interestandcuriosityforlearning.
Socio-constructivisttheory:
Itemphasizesinteractionandengagementwiththetargetlanguageinasocialcontextbasedontheconceptof‘ZoneofProximalDevelopment’(ZPD)andscaffolding.
Learningisbestachievedthroughthedynamicinteractionbetweentheteacher
andthelearnerandbetweenlearners.Withtheteacher‟sscaffoldingthroughquestionsandexplanations,orwithamorecapablepeers‟support,thelearnercanmovetoahigherlevelofunderstandingandextendhis/herskillsandknowledgetothefullestpotential.
Unit2CommunicativePrinciplesandActivities
1.ThegoalofCLTistodevelopstudents‟communicativecompetence.
2.Whatiscommunicativecompentence?
Trytolistsomeofitscomponentsand