国际结算双语教材英语版Word格式.docx

国际结算双语教材英语版Word格式.docx

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Internationalpolitical,economicandculturalexchangeinevitablyleadstocreditsanddebtsowedbyonecountrytoanother.

Theinternationalsettlementinvolvesbothtangibleandintangibletrades,foreigninvestments,fundsborrowedfromorlenttoothercountriesandsoforth.Tobemorespecific,internationalpaymentsandsettlementscanalsobenecessaryfinancialactivitiesrenderedfromcommercialpayments,paymentsfortheservicesrendered,paymentsbetweengovernments,andthetransferoffundsamongcountries.

1.1Definition

Internationalpaymentsandsettlementsarefinancialactivitiesconductedamongdifferentcountriesinwhicheitherpaymentsareeffectedorfundsaretransferredfromonecountrytoanotherforthepurposeofsettlingaccounts,debts,claims,etc.

1.2TypesofInternationalSettlement

Usuallyinternationalsettlementisdividedintothreebroadcategories:

remittance,collectionandletterofcredit.Negotiableinstruments,however,waysofinternationalsettlementanddocumentsusedintheinternationalsettlementsometimesconstitutetheframeworkofinternationalsettlement.Forexample,thefollowingpaymenttermscanbereadinthesalescontracts.

（1）ThesupplieragreesthatthebuyerwilleffectpaymentsunderthetermofT/TagainstreceiptofB/Lbyfax.

（2）HongKongsuppliersagreethatthebuyerwilleffectpaymentsunderthetermofCAD（CashagainstDocuments）.

（3）Onlyincaseofnewsuppliersandfirstordertothem,thebuyermightagreetoeffectpaymentsunderL/Cterms．TheL/Cchargesonthebuyer'

ssidewillbebornbythebuyerandtheL/Cchargesonsupplier'

ssidewillbebornbythesupplier.TheBillofLadingismadeouttoorderandnotifythebuyer.

（4）IncasethatthesupplierstillinsistonL/Ctermsevenafterthefirstorder,thesupplieragreetotakeoverallL/Cchargesonhimaswellasthebuyer'

sside.InthosecaseswerequestaBillofLading.

1.3HistoryandDevelopmentofInternationalSettlement

Tracingbackthehistoryofinternationalsettlement,themediumofexchangeoriginatedfromcoins.Lateron,commercialdraftsandothercreditinstrumentsemergedandbecamepopulartomeettheneedsoftheconstantlyincreasingbusinessactivitiesinbothgeographicalregionsandvolumeoftheinternationaltrade.

Dependingonthecreditabilityoffinancialinstitutions,bothbuyersandsellersareusuallywillingtocompletetheirsettlementthroughbanksrespectively,andafinancialarrangementcouldbereachedthen.Therefore,manybankshavefocusedontheirbusinessofinternationalsettlementandtradefinance.

Mostoftheinternationalpaymentsoriginatefromtransactionsintheworldtrade.Withtheenormousamountofinternationaltradeactivities,thevolumeoftheinternationalsettlementhasreachedtrillionsofUSdollarsnowadays.Banks;

asaresult,arefocusingmoreandmoreonthedevelopmentofthebusinessbecauseitisamajorresourceofprofit.

1.4InternationalCustomsandPractices

TheInternationalChamberofCommerceistheworldbusinessorganization.Itistheonlyrepresentativebodythatspeakswithauthorityonbehalfofenterprisesfromallservicesineverypartoftheworld.

（1）InternationalPracticesconcerningBills:

BillofExchangeAct,1882,JevaUniformBillAct.

（2）InternationalPracticesconcerningSettlement：

（UniformRulesforCollection,ICCPublicationNo:

522）,UniformCustomsandPracticeforCommercialDocumentaryCredits,1993Revision,ICCPublicationNo.500）.

（3）InternationalPracticesconcerningDocuments:

HagueRules,HamburgRules,InternationalConventionConcerningtheTransportofGoodsbyRail,AgreementonInternationalRail-RoadthroughTransportofGoods,UniformRulesforaCombinedTransportDocuments,InstituteCargoClauses,ICC,InternationalRulesforInterpretationofTradeTerms,Incoterms2000andUNCITRALArbitrationRule.

Instruments

2.1GeneralIntroduction

BillsofExchange,cheques,andpromissorynotesareallknownasnegotiableinstruments.Itisafundamentalprincipleofpropertylawthatwecannotobtainabettertitlethanthatpossessedbythepersonfromwhomwereceivedit.Thereisalwaystheriskthatthatpersonhasnotitletothepropertybecausehehasstolenitorobtaineditfromsomeotherpersonwhogotimproperly.Thetrueowner,ondiscoveringthepropertyandprovinghisrighttoit,candemandthepropertyberestoredtohim.Ourremedyistolookforthepersonfromwhichwereceivedthepropertyandtrytogetourmoneyback.Thatpersonwillinturnclaimfromhisimmediatetransferor,thistracingrightgoesonuptotheunfortunateonewhoboughtthepropertyfromthethief.

2.2BillsofExchange

ABillofExchange（draft）isacommercialinstrument.Itisanunconditionalorderinwriting,addressedbyonepersontoanother，signedbythep