当代语言学的第一题英文及答案Word文件下载.docx

当代语言学的第一题英文及答案Word文件下载.docx

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Chapter2

1.LinguisticknowledgeasrepresentedInthespeaker’smindiscalledagrammar.Linguistictheoryisconcernedwithrevealingthenatureofthementalgrammarwhichrepresentsspeaker,knowledgeoftheirlanguage.

Grammarasviewedhereisdifferentfromtheusualnotionofgrammar.

2.Grammaristheabilitytousestructuresaccurately,meaningfully,andappropriately.

Chapter3

1.Phoneticsprovidesthemeansfordescribingspeechsound;

phonologystudiesthewayInwhichspeechsoundsfromsystemsandpatternsinhumanlanguage.Thephonologyofalanguageisthenthesystemandpatternofthespeechsounds.Weseethatthewordphonologyisthususedintwoways,eitherasthestudysoundpatternsinlanguageorasthesoundpatternofalanguage.

Chapter4

1.Morphologyisthestudyofword-makingandword-making.Ontheonehand,morphologyexaminesmeaningrelationshipsbetweenwordsandthewaysinwhichtheseconnectionsareindicated.Ontheother,morphologylookssathowgrammaticalrelationshipsbetweenwordsaremarked.Differentlanguagefocusondifferentwordrelationship,andtheymakeuseofdifferentpatternsofmaking.

2.Thestudyoftheinternalstructureofwords,andoftherulesbywhichwordsareformed,iscalledmorphology.

Chapter5

1.Syntaxisthesubfieldoflinguisticsthatstudiestheinternalstructureofsentencesandtherelationshipamongtheircomponentpart.

Chapter6

Moreinterestisthefactthatlanguagesdifferininflectionalsystems:

casesystems,forexample.WefindthatthesearefairlyrichinLain,evenmoresoinSanskritorFinnish,butminimalinEnglishandinvisibleinChinese.

ChineseandEnglish,forexample,mayhavethesamecasesystemasLatin,butthephoneticrealizationisdifferent.Furthermore,itseemsthatmuchofthevarietyoflanguagecanbereducedtopropertiesofinflectionalsystem.

Chapter7

1.Normallyhumanbeingsdonotproduceutterancesforthesakeofthephonetic,phonologicalandgrammaticalfeatures.Utterancesareproducedbecausetheyconveymeaning.

2.Semanticsasasubfieldoflinguisticsisthestudyofmeaninginlanguage.Semanticsdealswiththemeaningwords,andhowthemeaningsofsentencesarederivedfromthem.

Chapter8

Functionalgrammarisanapproachtolinguisticswhichisconcernedwithlanguageasaninstrumentofsocialinteractionratherthanasasystemthatisviewedinisolation.Itconsiderstheindividualasasocialbeingandinvestigatesthewayinwhichheacquireslanguageandusesitinordertocommunicatewithothersinhissocialenvironment.

Chapter9

Pragmaticsisthebranchoflinguisticswhichstudieshowutterancescommunicatemeaningincontext.

Chpter10

Psycholinguisticsisthestudyoftheinterrelationshipoflanguageandthemindwhichencompassestheacquisitionoflanguage.

Neurolinguisticsisthestudyofthebrainandhowitfunctionsintheproduction,perception,andacquisitionoflanguage.

I．译文（已批改）：

语言贯穿我们的全部的生活,予我们的思维以言辞,予我们理念以话音,予我们的感受以表述。

它是一种人类所拥有的丰富而多样的能力–想用就用，无须思索，天下儿童，自能习得。

语言学家知其固然复杂，却可描述。

语言学是研究语言的本质、结构和变化的科学,分为语音学,音位学,形态学,句法学,语义学和语用学.

II．1）Plato2）Aristotle3）Xunzi4）Chomsky5）Saussure

III．ASummaryofLanguageandHumanBeings（未经批改）

Languagehadthesystematicinternalstructureofasentenceandtherelationshipbetweensoundsmeaningandthecomplexactualhierarchy.Inordertounderstandasinglesentence,anewbornhumanbabyneedstobreakthestringofsoundswhichhehearsintosyntacticconstituentsandassociateasoundcombinationwithadefinitemeaning.

Therearethreestagesduringwhichheperceivestheexistenceoflanguagearoundhimspontaneously.

a. 

producingsingle—wordsentence（12—18months）

b. 

formingelementaryphrasesandtwo—wordsentences

c. 

makingadult—likesentences（bytheageoftwoandahalf）

Inaword,astohumanbeing,theknowledgeoflanguagejustgrownaturallyfromthemindduringacertainperiodinchildhoodandnotneedtobedeliberatelytaught.

IV．（未经批改）

1．Humanlanguage.

Humanbeingshaveaninbornknowledgeoflanguagewhichmustbeuniversallycorrectandacceptable.Thelocationofsuchinnateknowledgeisinourgenes.Thereisabiological,physicalentityinsideourbrainwhichdecideswhatwespeak.ThisentityisUG–universalgrammar.AccordingtoUGtheory,everyspeakerisendowedwithasetofprinciples.Animalsdon’thaveanareaint