毕业设计论文外文翻译英文文献Word格式.docx

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院（系）：

计算机科学与工程学院

专业：

自动化

学生姓名：

学号：

指导教师单位：

控制工程系

姓名：

职称：

教授

2010年6月15日

Team-CenteredPerspectiveforAdaptiveAutomationDesign

LawrenceJ.Prinzel

LangleyResearchCenter,Hampton,Virginia

Abstract

Automationrepresentsaveryactiveareaofhumanfactorsresearch.Thejournal,HumanFactors,publishedaspecialissueonautomationin1985.Sincethen,hundredsofscientificstudieshavebeenpublishedexaminingthenatureofautomationanditsinteractionwithhumanperformance.However,despiteadramaticincreaseinresearchinvestigatinghumanfactorsissuesinaviationautomation,thereremainareasthatneedfurtherexploration.ThisNASATechnicalMemorandumdescribesanewareaofautomationdesignandresearch,called“adaptiveautomation.”Itdiscussestheconceptsandoutlinesthehumanfactorsissuesassociatedwiththenewmethodofadaptivefunctionallocation.Theprimaryfocusisonhuman-centereddesign,andspecificallyonensuringthatadaptiveautomationisfromateam-centeredperspective.Thedocumentshowsthatadaptiveautomationhasmanyhumanfactorsissuescommontotraditionalautomationdesign.Muchliketheintroductionofothernewtechnologiesandparadigmshifts,adaptiveautomationpresentsanopportunitytoremediatecurrentproblemsbutposesnewonesforhuman-automationinteractioninaerospaceoperations.ThereviewhereisintendedtocommunicatethephilosophicalperspectiveanddirectionofadaptiveautomationresearchconductedundertheAerospaceOperationsSystems（AOS）,PhysiologicalandPsychologicalStressorsandFactors（PPSF）project.

Keywords:

AdaptiveAutomation;

Human-CenteredDesign;

Automation;

HumanFactors

Introduction

"

Duringthe1970sandearly1980s...theconceptofautomatingasmuchaspossiblewasconsideredappropriate.Theexpectedbenefitwasareductioninpilotworkloadandincreasedsafety...Althoughmanyofthesebenefitshavebeenrealized,seriousquestionshavearisenandincidents/accidentsthathaveoccurredwhichquestiontheunderlyingassumptionsthatamaximumavailableautomationisALWAYSappropriateorthatweunderstandhowtodesignautomatedsystemssothattheyarefullycompatiblewiththecapabilitiesandlimitationsofthehumansinthesystem."

----ATA,1989

TheAirTransportAssociationofAmerica（ATA）FlightSystemsIntegrationCommittee（1989）madetheabovestatementinresponsetotheproliferationofautomationinaviation.Theynotedthattechnologyimprovements,suchasthegroundproximitywarningsystem,havehaddramaticbenefits;

others,suchastheelectroniclibrarysystem,offermarginalbenefitsatbest.Suchobservationshaveledmanyinthehumanfactorscommunity,mostnotablyCharlesBillings（1991;

1997）ofNASA,toassertthatautomationshouldbeapproachedfroma"

human-centereddesign"

perspective.

Theperiodfrom1970tothepresentwasmarkedbyanincreaseintheuseofelectronicdisplayunits（EDUs）;

aperiodthatBillings（1997）calls"

information"

and“managementautomation."

Theincreaseduseofaltitude,heading,power,andnavigationdisplays;

alertingandwarningsystems,suchasthetrafficalertandcollisionavoidancesystem（TCAS）andgroundproximitywarningsystem（GPWS;

E-GPWS;

TAWS）;

flightmanagementsystems（FMS）andflightguidance（e.g.,autopilots;

autothrottles）have"

beenaccompaniedbycertaincosts,includinganincreasedcognitiveburdenonpilots,newinformationrequirementsthathaverequiredadditionaltraining,andmorecomplex,tightlycoupled,lessobservablesystems"

（Billings,1997）.Asaresult,humanfactorsresearchinaviationhasfocusedontheeffectsofinformationandmanagementautomation.Theissuesofinterestincludeover-relianceonautomation,"

clumsy"

automation（e.g.,Wiener,1989）,digitalversusanalogcontrol,skilldegradation,crewcoordination,anddataoverload（e.g.,Billings,1997）.Furthermore,researchhasalsobeendirectedtowardsituationalawareness（mode&

stateawareness;

Endsley,1994;

Woods&

Sarter,1991）associatedwithcomplexity,coupling,autonomy,andinadequatefeedback.Finally,humanfactorsresearchhasintroducednewautomationconceptsthatwillneedtobeintegratedintotheexistingsuiteofaviationautomation.

Clearly,thehumanfactorsissuesofautomationhavesignificantimplicationsforsafetyinaviation.However,whatexactlydowemeanbyautomation?

Thewaywechoosetodefineautomationhasconsiderablemeaningforhowweseethehumanroleinmodernaerospacesystems.Thenextsectionconsiderstheconceptofautomation,followedbyanexaminationofhumanfactorsissuesofhuman-automationinteractioninaviation.Next,apotentialremedytotheproblemsraisedisdescribed,calledadaptiveautomation.Finally,thehuman-centereddesignphilosophyisdiscussedandproposalsaremadeforho