电子信息毕业设计外文翻译微型计算机控制系统单片机控制系统Word文件下载.docx

电子信息毕业设计外文翻译微型计算机控制系统单片机控制系统Word文件下载.docx

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毕业设计外文资料翻译

Graduationdesignforeignlanguagetranslation

学院：

电气工程与自动化学院

专业班级：

电子信息科学与技术三班

学生姓名：

学号：

指导教师：

外文资料：

MicrocomputerSystems

Electronicsystemsareusedforhandinginformationinthemostgeneralsense;

thisinformationmaybetelephoneconversation,instrumentreadoracompany’saccounts,butineachcasethesamemaintypeofoperationareinvolved:

theprocessing,storageandtransmissionofinformation.inconventionalelectronicdesigntheseoperationsarecombinedatthefunctionlevel;

forexampleacounter,whetherelectronicormechanical,storesthecurrentandincrementsitbyoneasrequired.Asystemsuchasanelectronicclockwhichemployscountershasitsstorageandprocessingcapabilitiesspreadthroughoutthesystembecauseeachcounterisabletostoreandprocessnumbers.

Presentdaymicroprocessorbasedsystemsdepartfromthisconventionalapproachbyseparatingthethreefunctionsofprocessing,storage,andtransmissionintodifferentsectionofthesystem.ThispartitioningintothreemainfunctionswasdevisedbyVonNeumannduringthe1940s,andwasnotconceivedespeciallyformicrocomputers.Almosteverycomputerevermadehasbeendesignedwiththisstructure,anddespitetheenormousrangeintheirphysicalforms,theyhaveallbeenofessentiallythesamebasicdesign.

Inamicroprocessorbasedsystemtheprocessingwillbeperformedinthemicroprocessoritself.Thestoragewillbebymeansofmemorycircuitsandthecommunicationofinformationintoandoutofthesystemwillbebymeansofspecialinput/output（I/O）circuits.Itwouldbeimpossibletoidentifyaparticularpieceofhardwarewhichperformedthecountinginamicroprocessorbasedclockbecausethetimewouldbestoredinthememoryandincrementedatregularintervalsbutthemicroprocessor.However,thesoftwarewhichdefinedthesystem’sbehaviorwouldcontainsectionsthatperformedascounters.Theapparentlyratherabstractapproachtothearchitectureofthemicroprocessoranditsassociatedcircuitsallowsittobeveryflexibleinuse,sincethesystemisdefinedalmostentirelysoftware.Thedesignprocessislargelyoneofsoftwareengineering,andthesimilarproblemsofconstructionandmaintenancewhichoccurinconventionalengineeringareencounteredwhenproducingsoftware.

Thefigure1-1illustrateshowthesethreesectionswithinamicrocomputerareconnectedintermsofthecommunicationofinformationwithinthemachine.Thesystemiscontrolledbythemicroprocessorwhichsupervisesthetransferofinformationbetweenitselfandthememoryandinput/outputsections.Theexternalconnectionsrelatetotherest（thatis,thenon-computerpart）oftheengineeringsystem.

Fig.1-1ThreeSectionsofaTypicalMicrocomputer

Althoughonlyonestoragesectionhasbeenshowninthediagram,inpracticetwodistincttypesofmemoryRAMandROMareused.Ineachcase,theword‘memory’isratherinappropriatesinceacomputersmemoryismorelikeafilingcabinetinconcept;

informationisstoredinasetofnumbered‘boxes’anditisreferencedbytheserialnumberofthe‘box’inquestion.

MicrocomputersuseRAM（RandomAccessMemory）intowhichdatacanbewrittenandfromwhichdatacanbereadagainwhenneeded.Thisdatacanbereadbackfromthememoryinanysequencedesired,andnotnecessarilythesameorderinwhichitwaswritten,hencetheexpression‘random’accessmemory.AnothertypeofROM（ReadOnlyMemory）isusedtoholdfixedpatternsofinformationwhichcannotbeaffectedbythemicroprocessor;

thesepatternsarenotlostwhenpowerisremovedandarenormallyusedtoholdtheprogramwhichdefinesthebehaviorofamicroprocessorbasedsystem.ROMscanbereadlikeRAMs,butunlikeRAMstheycannotbeusedtostorevariableinformation.SomeROMshavetheirdatapatternsputinduringmanufacture,whileothersareprogrammablebytheuserbymeansofspecialequipmentandarecalledprogrammableROMs.ThewidelyusedprogrammableROMsareerasablebymeansofspecialultravioletlampsandarereferredtoasEPROMs,shortforErasableProgrammableReadOnlyMemories.Othernewtypesofdevicecanbeerasedelectricallywithouttheneedforultravioletlight,whicharecalledElectricallyErasableProgrammableReadOnlyMemories,EEPROMs.

Themicroprocessorprocessesdataunderthecontroloftheprogram,controllingtheflowofinformationtoandfrommemoryandinput/outputdevices.Someinput/outputdevicesaregeneral-purposetypeswhileothersaredesignedforcontrollingspecialhardwaresuchasdiscdrivesorcontrollinginformationtransmissiontoothercomputers.MosttypesofI/Odevicesareprogrammabletosomeextent,allowingdifferentmodesofoperation,whilesomeactuallycontainspecial-purposemicroprocessorstopermitquitecomplexoperationstobecarriedout