Chapter 4 Sensation and PerceptionWord下载.docx

Chapter 4 Sensation and PerceptionWord下载.docx

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“It’slife’sillusionsIrecall...”JoniMitchell

Openingartworks:

AndyWarhol（1928-1987）GreenMarilyn,1962

GeorgiaO’Keeffe（1887-1986）Shell#1,1928

M.C.Escher（1898-1972）AscendingandDescending,1960

OPENINGTHEMES

Sensationallowstheoutsideworldtoenterthenervoussystemandprovideuswiththeinformationweneedtobeabletoplanouractions.Thesenseorgansaredesignedtobemaximallyreceptivetoparticulartypesofstimuliintheenvironment.Theremustbeamatchbetweenastimulus（suchasalightwave）andareceptor（suchasavisualreceptor）inorderforastimulustoberegistered.Perceptionisanactive,constructiveprocessinwhichweinterpretinformationfromallthestimuliavailabletousinallsensesandreachintegrateddecisionsaboutwhatwethinkexistsintheworld.

Keyconcepts

✓Psychophysics

✓Thresholds

✓Absolute

✓Difference

✓Weber’sLaw

✓Structuresoftheeye

✓Colorvision

✓Placevs.frequencytheoriesofhearing

✓Balance

✓Smellandtaste

✓Gatecontroltheoryofpain

✓GestaltLaws

✓Featureanalysis

✓Top-downvs.bottom-upprocessing

✓Perceptualconstancy

✓Depthperception

✓Illusions,ambiguousfigures,andimpossiblefigures

Prologue:

NowHearThis!

LookingAhead

MODULE8:

SENSINGTHEWORLDAROUNDUS

AbsoluteThresholds:

DetectingWhat’sOutThere

DifferenceThresholds:

NoticingDistinctionsBetweenStimuli

SensoryAdaptation:

TurningDownOurResponses

Whatissensationandhowdopsychologistsstudyit?

Whatistherelationshipbetweenaphysicalstimulusandthekindsofsensoryresponsesthatresultfromit?

LearningObjectives:

8-1Definesensation,perception,stimulus,andpsychophysics.

8-2Distinguishbetweenabsolutethreshold,justnoticeabledifference,andsensoryadaptation.

StudentAssignments:

Interactivity15:

Weber’sLaw

Studentsgainfirst-handexperiencewithWeber’sLawbyjudgingthedifferencethresholdsforpairsofsounds.Real-lifeexamplesareusedtogivethestudentsadditionalopportunitiestolearnhowWeber’sLawfunctionsineverydaylife.

TextbookWebSite:

HowSensitiveAreYou?

ThisonlineactivitywillgivestudentsachancetotryWeber’sLawthemselves.

SensoryAbilitiesSurvey

HavestudentscompletethissurveyinHandout3-1.

Psychophysics

Askstudentstoprovideoriginalexamplesfromtheirdailylivesofthesephenomena:

1.Weber’sLaw

2.Sensoryadaptation

AbsoluteThresholdExperiments

Havestudentsconduct（andwriteup）experimentstestingtheabsolutethresholdslistedinthetext（useathreadinsteadofabee’swing）.Askthemtoindicatewhatproblemstheyencounteredwhenconductingtheseexperiments.Whataretheimplicationsoftheirexperiencesforresearchinpsychophysics?

LectureIdeas:

AbsoluteThresholds

Showtransparenciesoftheabsolutethresholdsforfivesenses.

AbsoluteThresholdClassDemonstration

Askforavolunteer.Usinga2-gallonpitcherofwater,add1/8teaspoonofsugarandcontinuetoaddmoreuntilthevolunteercantastethesugar.Nomorethan1teaspoonshouldberequired.

DifferenceThresholdClassDemonstration

Havestudentstouchtheirownarmswithonefinger.Theyshouldtakeasecondfingerandtouchapointclosetothefirstfinger.Whentheycanfeeltwodistincttouchesontheirarm,thisisthedifferencethresholdfortouch.Thisismoreeffectiveifstudentscandothistoeachotherratherthantothemselves.

Weber’sLawClassDemonstrations

Simpledemonstration:

Selectavolunteerandaskthevolunteertosaysomethinginanormalvoice（suchas“Ilovepsychology”）.Asktheclassiftheycouldhearthevolunteer,whichtheyshouldbeabletodoveryclearly.Thensaythatyouwillhavethevolunteerrepeatthisphrase,butthistimewhiletherestoftheclassistalkingtoeachother.Theninstructtheclasstostoptalking.Askiftheycouldhearthevolunteer.Theyshouldnothavebeenabletohear.Alternatively,askthevolunteertospeaklouderandlouderovertherestoftheclass’stalkinguntiltheclasscanclearlyhearhisorhervoice.Thenaskthevolunteerwhetherheorshehadtotalklouderthanwhentheroomwassilent.Theanswershoulddefinitelybe“yes.”

Morecomplicateddemonstration:

Thisinvolvessetupandsolicitationofavolunteerwhodoesn’tminddrinkingtomatojuice.Weber’sLawwillbedemonstratedbyshowingthattodetectthedifference,ittakesmoredropsofTobascosaucetobeaddedtotomatojuicethatalreadyhasTobascosauceinitthantotellthedifferencebetweenplainandspicytomatojuice.Abitoftrickeryisalsoinvolvedwiththisonetog