Chapter 4 Sensation and PerceptionWord下载.docx

1、“Its lifes illusions I recall.” Joni MitchellOpening art works: Andy Warhol （1928-1987） Green Marilyn, 1962Georgia OKeeffe （1887-1986） Shell #1, 1928M.C. Escher （1898-1972） Ascending and Descending, 1960OPENING THEMESSensation allows the outside world to enter the nervous system and provide us with

2、the information we need to be able to plan our actions. The sense organs are designed to be maximally receptive to particular types of stimuli in the environment. There must be a match between a stimulus （such as a light wave） and a receptor （such as a visual receptor） in order for a stimulus to be

3、registered. Perception is an active, constructive process in which we interpret information from all the stimuli available to us in all senses and reach integrated decisions about what we think exists in the world.Key concepts Psychophysics Thresholds Absolute Difference Webers Law Structures of the

4、 eye Color vision Place vs. frequency theories of hearing Balance Smell and taste Gate control theory of pain Gestalt Laws Feature analysis Top-down vs. bottom-up processing Perceptual constancy Depth perception Illusions, ambiguous figures, and impossible figuresPrologue: Now Hear This!Looking Ahea

5、dMODULE 8: SENSING THE WORLD AROUND USAbsolute Thresholds: Detecting Whats Out ThereDifference Thresholds: Noticing Distinctions Between StimuliSensory Adaptation: Turning Down Our ResponsesWhat is sensation and how do psychologists study it?What is the relationship between a physical stimulus and t

6、he kinds of sensory responses that result from it?Learning Objectives:8-1 Define sensation, perception, stimulus, and psychophysics.8-2 Distinguish between absolute threshold, just noticeable difference, and sensory adaptation.Student Assignments:Interactivity 15: Webers LawStudents gain first-hand

7、experience with Webers Law by judging the difference thresholds for pairs of sounds. Real-life examples are used to give the students additional opportunities to learn how Webers Law functions in everyday life.Textbook Web Site: How Sensitive Are You?This online activity will give students a chance

8、to try Webers Law themselves. Sensory Abilities SurveyHave students complete this survey in Handout 3-1.PsychophysicsAsk students to provide original examples from their daily lives of these phenomena:1. Webers Law2. Sensory adaptationAbsolute Threshold ExperimentsHave students conduct （and write up

9、） experiments testing the absolute thresholds listed in the text （use a thread instead of a bees wing）. Ask them to indicate what problems they encountered when conducting these experiments. What are the implications of their experiences for research in psychophysics?Lecture Ideas:Absolute Threshold

10、sShow transparencies of the absolute thresholds for five senses. Absolute Threshold Class Demonstration Ask for a volunteer. Using a 2-gallon pitcher of water, add 1/8 teaspoon of sugar and continue to add more until the volunteer can taste the sugar. No more than 1 teaspoon should be required.Diffe

11、rence Threshold Class DemonstrationHave students touch their own arms with one finger. They should take a second finger and touch a point close to the first finger. When they can feel two distinct touches on their arm, this is the difference threshold for touch. This is more effective if students ca

12、n do this to each other rather than to themselves.Webers Law Class DemonstrationsSimple demonstration: Select a volunteer and ask the volunteer to say something in a normal voice （such as “I love psychology”）. Ask the class if they could hear the volunteer, which they should be able to do very clear

13、ly. Then say that you will have the volunteer repeat this phrase, but this time while the rest of the class is talking to each other. Then instruct the class to stop talking. Ask if they could hear the volunteer. They should not have been able to hear. Alternatively, ask the volunteer to speak loude

14、r and louder over the rest of the classs talking until the class can clearly hear his or her voice. Then ask the volunteer whether he or she had to talk louder than when the room was silent. The answer should definitely be “yes.”More complicated demonstration: This involves setup and solicitation of

15、 a volunteer who doesnt mind drinking tomato juice. Webers Law will be demonstrated by showing that to detect the difference, it takes more drops of Tobasco sauce to be added to tomato juice that already has Tobasco sauce in it than to tell the difference between plain and spicy tomato juice. A bit of trickery is also involved with this one to g