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ofthesenationslooked
2
tothefuture.BorninthecrisisoftheoldregimeandIberiancolonialism,manyoftheleadersofindependence
3
theidealsofrepresentativegovernment,careers
4
totalent,freedomofcommerceandtrade,the
5
toprivateproperty,andabeliefintheindividualasthebasisofsociety.
6
therewasabeliefthatthenewnationsshouldbesovereignandindependentstates,largeenoughtobeeconomicallyviableandintegratedbya
7
setoflaws.
Ontheissueof
8
ofreligionandthepositionoftheChurch,
9
therewaslessagreement
10theleadership.RomanCatholicismhadbeenthestatereligionandtheonlyone11
bytheSpanishcrown.
12
mostleaderssoughttomaintainCatholicism
13
theofficialreligionofthenewstates,somesoughttoendthe
14
ofotherfaiths.ThedefenseoftheChurchbecamearallying15
fortheconservativeforces.
Theidealsoftheearlyleadersofindependencewereoftenegalitarian,valuingequalityofeverything.BolivarhadreceivedaidfromHaitiandhad16
inreturntoabolishslaveryintheareasheliberated.By1854slaveryhadbeenabolishedeverywhereexceptSpain’s
17
colonies.EarlypromisestoendIndiantributeandtaxesonpeopleofmixedorigincamemuch
18becausethenewnationsstillneededtherevenuesuchpolicies
19
.Egalitariansentimentswereoftentemperedbyfearsthatthemassofthepopulationwas
20
self-ruleanddemocracy.
1.[A]natives[B]inhabitants[C]peoples[D]individuals
2.[A]confusedly[B]cheerfully[C]worriedly[D]hopefully
3.[A]shared[B]forgot[C]attained[D]rejected
4.[A]related[B]close[C]open[D]devoted
5.[A]access[B]succession[C]right[D]return
6.[A]Presumably[B]Incidentally[C]Obviously[D]Generally
7.[A]unique[B]common[C]particular[D]typical
8.[A]freedom[B]origin[C]impact[D]reform
9.[A]therefore[B]however[C]indeed[D]moreover
10.[A]with[B]about[C]among[D]by
11.[A]allowed[B]preached[C]granted[D]funded
12.[A]Since[B]If[C]Unless[D]While
13.[A]as[B]for[C]under[D]against
14.[A]spread[B]interference[C]exclusion[D]influence
15.[A]support[B]cry[C]plea[D]wish
16.[A]urged[B]intended[C]expected[D]promised
17.[A]controlling[B]former[C]remaining[D]original
18.[A]slower[B]faster[C]easier[D]tougher
19.[A]created[B]produced[C]contributed[D]preferred
20.[A]puzzledby[B]hostileto[C]pessimisticabout[D]unpreparedfor
SectionIIReadingComprehension
PartA
Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosing[A],[B],[C],or[D].MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)
Text1
Ifyouweretoexaminethebirthcertificatesofeverysoccerplayerin2006’sWorldCuptournament,youwouldmostlikelyfindanoteworthyquirk:
elitesoccerplayersaremorelikelytohavebeenbornintheearliermonthsoftheyearthaninthelatemonths.IfyouthenexaminedtheEuropeannationalyouthteamsthatfeedtheWorldCupandprofessionalranks,youwouldfindthisstrangephenomenontobeevermorepronounced.
Whatmightaccountforthisstrangephenomenon?
Hereareafewguesses:
a)certainastrologicalsignsconfersuperiorsoccerskills;
b)winter-bornbabiestendtohavehigheroxygencapacity,whichincreasessoccerstamina;
c)soccer-madparentsaremorelikelytoconceivechildreninspringtime,attheannualpeakofsoccermania;
d)noneoftheabove.
AndersEricsson,a58-year-oldpsychologyprofessoratFloridaStateUniversity,sayshebelievesstronglyin“noneoftheabove.”EricssongrewupinSweden,andstudiednuclearengineeringuntilherealizedhewouldhavemoreopportunitytoconducthisownresearchifheswitchedtopsychology.Hisfirstexperiment,nearly30yearsago,involvedmemory:
trainingapersontohearandthenrepeatarandomseriesofnumbers.“Withthefirstsubject,afterabout20hoursoftraining,hisdigitspanhadrisenfrom7to20,”Ericssonrecalls.“Hekeptimproving,andafterabout200hoursoftraininghehadrisentoover80numbers.”
Thissuccess,coupledwithlaterresearchshowingthatmemoryitselfisnotgeneticallydetermined,ledEricssontoconcludethattheactofmemorizingismoreofacognitiveexercisethananintuitiveone.Inotherwords,whateverinborndifferencestwopeoplemayexhibitintheirabilitiestomemorize,thosedifferencesareswampedbyhowwelleachperson“encodes”theinformation.Andthebestwaytolearnhowtoencodeinformationmeaningfully,Ericssondetermined,wasaprocessknownasdeliberatepractice.Deliberatepracticeentailsmore