乡村旅游与可持续发展中英文对照Word格式文档下载.docx

乡村旅游与可持续发展中英文对照Word格式文档下载.docx

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INTRODUCTION

RuraltourismisasegmentofthetotaltouristindustrywhichisparticularlyimportantinHungary,inacountrywithnospectacularnaturalattractions,withoutseaside,highmountains,rainforestorherdsofexoticanimals.However,itsattractiveculturallandscapeswithsmallvillages,thermalsprings,riversandlakes,combinedwiththetraditionalhospitality,areabletoofferpleasantexperiencestothekindoftouristwhoislookingforrelaxationandrecreationinacalmsetting.

Ononehand,ruraltourismdevelopmentcanplayanimportantroleinthediversificationoftheHungariantouristsupplyandinthecreationofamorecomplexandcolourfulcountryimage.Ontheotherhand,ruraltourismisnotonlytheend,butthemeanstostimulateeconomicgrowth,toincreasetheviabilityofunderdevelopedregions,andtoimprovethelivingstandardsoflocalpopulations.

Ifruraltourismistofulfilalltheseroles,ithastobedevelopedinawaythatensuresthelong-termsustainabilityoftheresourcesandthatofthedevelopmentprogressitself.Butwhatisasustainablewayofdevelopmentinruraltourism?

Howcansustainabilitybemonitoredandpromotedinruraldestinations?

ThispaperattemptstoanswerthesequestionsbypresentingthecurrentsituationofHungarianruraltourismthroughindicatorsthatareconsideredtoberelevantforthistypeoftourism.

SUSTAINABLETOURISMDEVELOPMENT

TheconceptofsustainabledevelopmentwasintroducedbytheWorldCommissiononEnvironmentandDevelopmentintheBrundtlandReportin1987,definingsustainabledevelopmentas"

developmentthatmeetstheneedsofthepresentwithoutcompromisingtheabilityoffuturegenerationstomeettheirownneeds"

.

Tourismisoneoftheforemosteconomicactivitiesaroundtheworld,havingtransportedmorethan617millionpeopleinternationallyandgenerated448billionUSDinreceiptsin1997（WTO,1998）.Itisamajoreconomicforce,having

generatedin1996anestimated3,153.3billionUSDingrossoutput,creatingemploymentforapp.255millionpeople,producingapp.10.7percentofworldgrossdomesticproduct,investingapp.766billionUSDinnewfacilitiesandequipmentannually,andcontributingmorethanapp.653.3billionUSDtoglobaltaxrevenue（WTTC,1996）.

Thevolumeandsignificanceoftourismclearlyshowsthatitisnotenoughtodevelopnewformsof"

alternative"

tourisminordertominimisethenegativeandmaximisethepositiveimpactsoftourismdevelopment.Thewholesectormustbedevelopedandmanagedinawaythatitdoesnotdamagethenaturalandsocio-culturalenvironmentandthisistheresponsibilityoftheworld-widetourismindustry.

ThoughtheBrundtlandreportmadenospecialreferencetotourism,sinceitspublication,theroleoftourismintheprocessofcontinuouslymisusingtheEarth'

sresourceshasbeenanalysedandtheconceptofsustainabletourismappeared.

Sustainabletourismhasseveral-oftenseriouslydebated-definitions.AccordingtothedefinitionoftheFederationofNatureandNationalParks,sustainabletourismis"

allformsoftourismdevelopment,managementandactivitythatmaintaintheenvironmental,socialandeconomicintegrityandwell-beingofnatural,builtandculturalresourcesinperpetuity"

（FNNP,1993）.ApublicationbytheTourismConcernandtheWorldWideFundforNaturedefinessustainabletourismastourismwhich"

operateswithinnaturalcapacitiesfortheregenerationandfutureproductivityofnaturalresources;

recognisesthecontributionthatpeopleandcommunities,customsandlifestyles,maketothetourismexperience;

acceptsthatthesepeoplemusthaveanequitableshareintheeconomicbenefitsoftourism;

andisguidedbythewishesoflocalpeopleandcommunitiesinthehostareas"

（TourismConcern&

WWF,1992）.

Thoughtheexistingdefinitionsusuallydifferintheirfocusorlevelofelaborateness,themainmessageoftheBrundtlandReportseemstobemoreandmoreacceptedbythetourismindustryallovertheworld.However,thenotionofsustainabilityisaverycomplexoneandithasmanyramifications（Mowforth&

Munt,1998）.

Ecologicalsustainability,whichmeansthattourismdevelopmentdoesnot

causeirreversiblechangesinagivendestination'

secosystem,isthemostcommonlyaccepteddimension,sincethereisanobviousneedallovertheworldtoprotectnaturalresourcesfromthenegativeimpactsoftourismactivities.Thegeneralgrowthofenvironment-awarenesshassignificantlycontributedtothistrend.Socialsustainabilityreferstotheabilityofacommunitytoabsorbtourism（boththeindustryandthetouriststhemselves）withoutthecreationofsocialdisharmony.Culturalsustainabilityinthecontextoftourismassumesthatagivencommunityisabletoretainoradapttheirowndistinctiveculturaltraitsagai