新编简明英语语言学教程讲义6Chapter 5 SemanticsWord文件下载.docx

新编简明英语语言学教程讲义6Chapter 5 SemanticsWord文件下载.docx

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Theconceptualistview

Contextualism（Bloomfield）

Behaviorism

Namingtheory（Plato）

Wordsarenamesorlabelsforthings.

Limitations:

1）Applicabletonounsonly.

2）Therearenounswhichdenotethingsthatdonotexistintherealworld,e.g.ghost,dragon,unicorn,phenix…

3）Therearenounsthatdonotrefertophysicalobjectsbutabstractnotions,e.g.joy,impulse,hatred…

Theconceptualistview

Theconceptualistviewholdsthatthereisnodirectlinkbetweenalinguisticformandwhatitrefersto（i.e.betweenlanguageandtherealworld）;

rather,intheinterpretationofmeaningtheyarelinkedthroughthemediationofconceptsinthemind.

OgdenandRichards:

semantictriangle

Thesymbolorformreferstothelinguisticelements（wordsandphrases）;

Thereferentreferstotheobjectintheworldofexperience;

Thoughtorreferencereferstoconcept.

Thesymbolorawordsignifiesthingsbyvirtueoftheconceptassociatedwiththeformofthewordinthemindsofthespeaker;

andtheconceptlookedatfromthispointofviewisthemeaningoftheword.

Thecontextualism

Meaningshouldbestudiedintermsofsituation,use,context—elementscloselylinkedwithlanguagebehavior.Twotypesofcontextsarerecognized:

Situationalcontext:

spatiotemporalsituation

Linguisticcontext:

theprobabilityofaword’sco-occurrenceorcollocation.

Forexample,“black”inblackhair&

blackcoffee,orblacksheepdiffersinmeaning;

“ThepresidentoftheUnitedStates”canmeaneitherthepresidentorpresidencyindifferentsituation.

Behaviorism

Behavioristsattemptedtodefinemeaningas“thesituationinwhichthespeakeruttersitandtheresponseitcallsforthinthehearer”.

ThestoryofJackandJill:

Jill 

Jack

S_________r--------s_________R

Lexicalmeaning

Senseandreferencearebothconcernedwiththestudyofwordmeaning.Theyaretworelatedbutdifferentaspectsofmeaning.

Sense----isconcernedwiththeinherentmeaningofthelinguisticform.Itisthecollectionofallthefeaturesofthelinguisticform;

itisabstractandde-contextualized.Itistheaspectofmeaningdictionarycompilersareinterestedin.

Reference----whatalinguisticformreferstointhereal,physicalworld;

itdealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience.

Note:

Linguisticformshavingthesamesensemayhavedifferentreferencesindifferentsituations;

ontheotherhand,therearealsooccasions,whenlinguisticformswiththesamereferencemightdifferinsense,e.g.themorningstarandtheeveningstar,risingsuninthemorningandthesunsetatdusk.

Majorsenserelations

Synonymy

Antonymy

Polysemy

Homonymy

Hyponymy

Synonymy

Synonymyreferstothesamenessorclosesimilarityofmeaning.Wordsthatarecloseinmeaningarecalledsynonyms.

1）Dialectalsynonyms----synonymsusedindifferentregionaldialects,e.g.autumn-fall,biscuit-cracker,petrol–gasoline… 

2）Stylisticsynonyms----synonymsdifferinginstyle,e.g.kid,child,offspring;

start,begin,commence;

…

3）Synonymsthatdifferintheiremotiveorevaluativemeaning,e.g.collaborator-accomplice,…

4）Collocationalsynonyms,e.g.accuse…of,charge…with,rebuke…for;

…

5）Semanticallydifferentsynonyms,e.g.amaze,astound,…

Antonymy

Gradableantonyms----thereareoftenintermediateformsbetweenthetwomembersofapair,e.g.old-young,hot-cold,tall-short,…

Complementaryantonyms----thedenialofonememberofthepairimpliestheassertionoftheother,e.g.alive-dead,male-female,…

Relationalopposites----exhibitsthereversaloftherelationshipbetweenthetwoitems,e.g.husband-wife,father-son,doctor-patient,buy-sell,let-rent,employer-employee,give-receive,above-below,…

Gradableantonyms

Gradableantonyms 

----thereareoftenintermediateformsbetweenthetwomembersofapair,e.g.old-young,hot-cold,tall-short,…

Complementaryantonyms

Complementaryantonyms 

----thedenialofonememberofthepairimpliestheassertionoftheother,e.g.alive-dead,male-female,…

Polysemy

Polysemy----thesameonewordmayhavemorethanonemeaning,e.g.“table”maymean:

Apieceoffurniture

Allthepeopleseatedatatable

Thefoodthatisputonatable

Athinflatpieceofstone,metalwood,etc.

Orderlyarrangementoffacts,figures,etc.

……

Homonymy

Homonymy----thephenomenonthatwordshavingdifferentm