武汉大学博士研究生入学考试题Word文档下载推荐.docx
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PartIReadingComprehension(2*20=40%)
Directions:
Inthispartofthetest,therewillbe5passagesforyoutoread.Eachpassageisfollowedby4questionsorunfinishedstatements,andeachquestionorunfinishedstatementisfollowedbyfourchoicesmarkedA,B,C,andD.YouaretodecideonthebestchoicebyblackeningthecorrespondingletterontheANSWERSHEET
PassageOne
WallsandwallbuildinghaveplayedaveryimportantroleinChineseculture.Thesepeople,fromthedimmistsofprehistoryhavebeenwall-conscious;
fromtheNeolithicperiod—whenrampartsofpoundedearthwereused—totheCommunistRevolution,wallswereanessentialpartofanyvillage.Notonlytownsandvillages,thehousesandthetempleswithinthemweresomehowwalled,andthehousesalsohadnowindowsoverlookingthestreet,thusgivingthefeelingofwanderingaroundahugemaze.Thenamefor"
city"
inChinesemeanswall,andoverthesewalledcities,villages,housesandtemplespresidesthegodofwallsandmounts,whosedutieswere,andstillare,toprotectandberesponsibleforthewelfareoftheinhabitants.Thusagreatandextremelylaborioustasksuchasconstructingawall,whichwassupposedtorunthroughoutthecountry,mustnothaveseemedsuchanabsurdity.
However,itisindeedacommonmistaketoperceivetheGreatWallasasinglearchitecturalstructure,anditwouldalsobeerroneoustoassumethatitwasbuiltduringasingledynasty.Forthebuildingofthewallspannedthevariousdynasties,andeachofthesedynastiessomehowcontributedtotherefurbishingandtheconstructionofawall,whosefoundationshadbeenlaidmanycenturiesago.Itwas
duringthefourthandthirdcenturyB.C.thateachwarringstatestartedbuildingwallstoprotecttheirkingdoms,bothagainstoneanotherandagainstthenorthernnomads.Especiallythreeofthesestates:
theQin,theZhaoandtheYan,correspondingrespectivelytothemodernprovincesofShanxi,ShanxiandHebei,overandabovebuildingwallsthatsurroundedtheirkingdoms,alsolaidthefoundationsonwhichQinShihHuangDiwouldbuildhisfirstcontinuousGreatWall.
TherolethattheGreatWallplayedinthegrowthofChineseeconomywasanimportantone.Throughoutthecenturiesmanysettlementswereestablishedalongthenewborder.Thegarrisontroopswereinstructedtoreclaimwastelandandtoplantcropsonit,roadsandcanalswerebuilt,tomentionjustafewoftheworkscarriedout.Alltheseundertakingsgreatlyhelpedtoincreasethecountry'
stradeandculturalexchangeswithmanyremoteareasandalsowiththesouthern,centralandwesternpartsofAsia—theformationoftheSilkRoute.Builders,garrisons,artisans,farmersandpeasantsleftbehindatrailofobjects,includinginscribedtablets,householdarticles,andwrittenwork,whichhavebecomeextremelyvaluablearchaeologicalevidencetothestudyofdefenseinstitutionsoftheGreatWallandtheeverydaylifeofthesepeoplewholivedanddiedalongthewall.
1.Chinesecitiesresembledamazebecause_____
A.theyweredesignedtoprotecttheirkingdoms
B.thehouseshavenoexternalwindows
C.thenameforcitiesmeans"
wall"
D.wallshavealwaysbeenimportantthere
2.Constructingawallthatranthelengthofthecountry
A.honoredthegodofwallsandmounts
B.wasanabsurdlylaborioustask
C.mayhavemadesensewithinChineseculture
D.madethecountrylooklikeahugemaze
3.TheGreatWallofChina_______
A.usedexistingfoundations
B.wasbuiltinasingledynasty
C.wasbuiltbytheQin,theZhaoandtheYan
D.wasrefurbishedinthefourthandthirdcenturiesB.C.
4.Cropswereplanted_______
A.onwastelandB.toreclaimwasteland
C.onreclaimedwastelandD.alongthecanals
PassageTwo
AwardedtheNobelPrizeforphysicsin1918,GermanphysicistMaxPlanckisbestrememberedastheoriginatorofthequantumtheory.Hisworkhelpedusherinaneweraintheoreticalphysicsandrevolutionizedthescientificcommunity'
sunderstandingofatomicandsubatomicprocesses.Planckintroducedanideathatledtothequantumtheory,whichbecamethefoundationof20thcenturyphysics.InDecember1900,Planckworkedoutanequationthatdescribedthedistributionofradiationaccuratelyovertherangeoflowtohighfrequencies.Hehaddevelopedatheorywhichdependedonamodelofmatterthatseemedverystrangeatthetime.Themodelrequiredtheemissionofelectromagneticradiationinsmallchunksorparticles.Theseparticleswerelatercalledquantums.Theenergyassociatedwitheachquantumismeasuredbymultiplyingthefrequencyoftheradiation,v,byauniversalconstant,h.Thus,energy,orE,equalshv.Theconstant,h,isknownasPlanck'
sconstant.Itisnowrecognizedasoneofthefundamentalconstantsoftheworld.Planckannouncedhisf