自然科学中英文对照外文翻译文献Word格式文档下载.docx

自然科学中英文对照外文翻译文献Word格式文档下载.docx

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自然科学中英文对照外文翻译文献@#@中英文对照外文翻译@#@（文档含英文原文和中文翻译）@#@ @#@@#@外文文献@#@17@#@Inthefirstbookweconsideredtheideamerelyassuch,thatis,onlyaccordingtoitsgeneralform.Itistruethatasfarastheabstractidea,theconcept,isconcerned,weobtainedaknowledgeofitinrespectofitscontentalso,becauseithascontentandmeaningonlyinrelationtotheideaofperception,withoutwhichitwouldbeworthlessandempty.Accordingly,directingourattentionexclusivelytotheideaofperception,weshallnowendeavourtoarriveataknowledgeofitscontent,itsmoreexactdefinition,andtheformswhichitpresentstous.Anditwillspeciallyinterestustofindanexplanationofitspeculiarsignificance,thatsignificancewhichisotherwisemerelyfelt,butonaccountofwhichitisthatthesepicturesdonotpassbyusentirelystrangeandmeaningless,astheymustotherwisedo,butspeaktousdirectly,areunderstood,andobtainaninterestwhichconcernsourwholenature.@#@Wedirectourattentiontomathematics,naturalscience,andphilosophy,foreachoftheseholdsoutthehopethatitwillaffordusapartoftheexplanationwedesire.Now,takingphilosophyfirst,wefindthatitislikeamonsterwithmanyheads,eachofwhichspeaksadifferentlanguage.Theyarenot,indeed,allatvarianceonthepointwearehereconsidering,thesignificanceoftheideaofperception.For,withtheexceptionoftheScepticsandtheIdealists,theothers,forthemostpart,speakverymuchinthesamewayofanobjectwhichconstitutesthebasisoftheidea,andwhichisindeeddifferentinitswholebeingandnaturefromtheidea,butyetisinallpointsaslikeitasoneeggistoanother.Butthisdoesnothelpus,forwearequiteunabletodistinguishsuchanobjectfromtheidea;@#@wefindthattheyareoneandthesame;@#@foreveryobjectalwaysandforeverpresupposesasubject,andthereforeremainsidea,sothatwerecognisedobjectivityasbelongingtothemostuniversalformoftheidea,whichisthedivisionintosubjectandobject.Further,theprincipleofsufficientreason,whichisreferredtoinsupportofthisdoctrine,isforusmerelytheformoftheidea,theorderlycombinationofoneideawithanother,butnotthecombinationofthewholefiniteorinfiniteseriesofideaswithsomethingwhichisnotideaatall,andwhichcannotthereforebepresentedinperception.OftheScepticsandIdealistswespokeabove,inexaminingthecontroversyabouttherealityoftheouterworld.@#@Ifweturntomathematicstolookforthefullerknowledgewedesireoftheideaofperception,whichwehave,asyet,onlyunderstoodgenerally,merelyinitsform,wefindthatmathematicsonlytreatsoftheseideassofarastheyfilltimeandspace,thatis,sofarastheyarequantities.Itwilltelluswiththegreatestaccuracythehow-manyandthehow-much;@#@butasthisisalwaysmerelyrelative,thatistosay,merelyacomparisonofoneideawithothers,andacomparisononlyintheonerespectofquantity,thisalsoisnottheinformationweareprincipallyinsearchof.@#@Lastly,ifweturntothewideprovinceofnaturalscience,whichisdividedintomanyfields,wemay,inthefirstplace,makeageneraldivisionofitintotwoparts.Itiseitherthedescriptionofforms,whichIcallMorphology,ortheexplanationofchanges,whichIcallEtiology.Thefirsttreatsofthepermanentforms,thesecondofthechangingmatter,accordingtothelawsofitstransitionfromoneformtoanother.Thefirstisthewholeextentofwhatisgenerallycallednaturalhistory.Itteachesus,especiallyinthesciencesofbotanyandzoology,thevariouspermanent,organised,andthereforedefinitelydeterminedformsintheconstantchangeofindividuals;@#@andtheseformsconstituteagreatpartofthecontentoftheideaofperception.Innaturalhistorytheyareclassified,separated,united,arrangedaccordingtonaturalandartificialsystems,andbroughtunderconceptswhichmakeageneralviewandknowledgeofthewholeofthempossible.Further,aninfinitelyfineanalogybothinthewholeandinthepartsoftheseforms,andrunningthroughthemall（unité@#@deplan）,isestablished,andthustheymaybecomparedtoinnumerablevariationsonathemewhichisnotgiven.Thepassageofmatterintotheseforms,thatistosay,theoriginofindividuals,isnotaspecialpartofnaturalscience,foreveryindividualspringsfromitslikebygeneration,whichiseverywhereequallymysterious,andhasasyetevadeddefiniteknowledge.Thelittlethatisknownonthesubjectfindsitsplaceinphysiology,whichbelongstothatpartofnaturalscienceIhavecalledetiology.Mineralogyalso,especiallywhereitbecomesgeology,inclinestowardsetiology,thoughitprincipallybelongstomorphology.Etiologypropercomprehendsallthosebranchesofnaturalscienceinwhichthechiefconcernistheknowledgeofcau