OUTLININGPPT资料.ppt

OUTLININGPPT资料.ppt

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AidsintheprocessofwritingHelpsyouorganizeyourideasPresentsyourmaterialinalogicalformShowstherelationshipsamongideasinyourwritingConstructsanorderedoverviewofyourwritingDefinesboundariesandgroupsHowdoIcreateanoutline?

Determinethepurposeofyourpaper.Determinetheaudienceyouarewritingfor.Developthethesisofyourpaper.Then:

Brainstorm:

Listalltheideasthatyouwanttoincludeinyourpaper.Organize:

Grouprelatedideastogether.Order:

Arrangematerialinsubsectionsfromgeneraltospecificorfromabstracttoconcrete.Label:

Createmainandsubheadings.DefiningtheKindsofOutlinesAscratchoutlinescratchoutlineisapreliminarylistthatletsyouseewhereyouneedtogo.Itisaroughlistofyourfirstideas.Ascratchoutlinescratchoutlineisastartingpointonly.Itisputtingontheclotheswithouttheaccessories.Ascratchoutlinescratchoutlineoftenchangessignificantlyasyoubegintoresearchandwrite.TwoExamplesTheScratchOutlineProblemswithImmigrationWhoshouldbeallowedtoimmigrate?

Whatscreeningproceduresshouldweuse?

Whoshouldbegivenstudentvisas?

Whatchecksshouldthegovernmentmake?

Shouldtherebeanumberlimitonimmigration?

DEFININGTHEFORMALOUTLINEAformaloutlineshows,inlogicalorder,whatyouwillbewritingabout.AformaloutlinehelpsyouseparatemainideasandsupportingideasAformaloutlinegivesyouafoundationfromwhichtobuildanintroduction,abody,andaconclusion.Aformaloutlineoftenchangesafteryouwriteyourfirstdraft.Itwillshowyouwhereyouneedtoaddmoreresearchormakeotherchanges.FORMALOUTLINEAddressingImmigrationafter9/11I.IntroductionII.CriteriaforimmigrationA.PoliticalrefugeesB.RelativesofcitizensC.OtherapplicationsIII.ScreeningCriteriaA.MedicalScreeningB.InterviewC.PsychologicalscreeningD.BackgroundcheckIV.StudentsA.PurposeofstudyB.Commitmenttostudy1.Howlongwilltheystay?

2.Howwilltheyfinancetheireducationandsupportthemselves?

C.ValuetooureducationalsystemV.GovernmentoversightA.ObligationtohaveperiodicchecksonimmigrantsandstudentsB.ReportinganylegalviolationsorsuspiciousbehaviorC.ThegovernmentneedstolimitthenumberofimmigrantsVI.ConclusionSCRATCHVS.FORMALAscratchoutlineisacollectionofnotesorideasthatneedstoberefinedandexpanded.Itsarawmaterialratherthanafinishedproduct.Aformaloutlineshowsevidenceofthought,revision,planning,orresearch.Itusesaprescribedformat:

Romannumerals,uppercaseletters,numbers,andlowercaseletters.Itmaybefurtherexpandedorrevisedasresearchprogresses.CreatinganOutlineTakeseveralminutestocreateanoutline.Thinkaboutthegiventopicandmakeascratchoutline:

Jotdownwhatyoualreadyknowaboutthistopic.Thinkaboutwhatyouwanttolearnorexploreaboutthistopic.Thinkaboutwhatconclusionsyoumayreach.Topic:

Ensuringtravelsafetyin（airports,trainstations,busterminals）TimetoCompare!

Exchangeyourscratchoutlinewithapartner.Haveafive-minutediscussioninwhichyoutaketurnsexplainingwhatyouwroteinyouroutline.LETSGETFORMAL!

Withyourexpandedknowledge,trytocreateaformaloutlineforyouressayonensuringairportsafety.Yourtitlewillbetheumbrellaunderwhichyouplaceyourmaintopicsandsubtopics.RemembertouseRomannumerals,upperandlowercaseletters,andnumbers.EnsuringAirportSafetySummaryLetssummarizewhatyouhavelearned:

OUTLINESI.DefinitionA.ScratchOutline1.Informal,preliminaryB.FormalOutline1.Moreformal,requiresmoreresearchII.PurposeforUsinganOutlineA.TohelporganizekeyideasinwritinganessayorresearchpaperB.TohelpsummarizekeyideasinreadingC.TohelpyoudevelopsubtopicsParallelismHowdoIaccomplishthis?

Eachheadingandsubheadingshouldpreserveparallelstructure.Ifthefirstheadingisaverb,thesecondheadingshouldbeaverb.Example:

CHOOSEDESIREDCOLLEGESPREPAREAPPLICATION（ChooseandPreparearebothverbs.Thepresenttenseoftheverbisusuallythepreferredformforanoutline.）CoordinationHowdoIaccomplishthis?

AlltheinformationcontainedinHeading1shouldhavethesamesignificanceastheinformationcontainedinHeading2.Thesamegoesforthesubheadings（whichshouldbelesssignificantthantheheadings）.Example:

VISITANDEVALUATECOLLEGECAMPUSESVISITANDEVALUATECOLLEGEWEBSITESA.NoteimportantstatisticsB.Lookforinterestingclasses（CampusandWebsitesvisitsareequallysignificant.Theyarepartofthemaintasksyouwouldneedtodo.FindingstatisticsandclassesfoundoncollegeWebsitesarepartsoftheprocessinvolvedincarryingout