景观生态英文版课件2PPT推荐.ppt

景观生态英文版课件2PPT推荐.ppt

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LANDSCAPEECOLOGYSREM3011LECTURE2DrBrendanMackeyDepartmentofGeographyTheAustralianNationalUniversityPrinciplesofGeographicInformationSystemsforLandResourceAssessmentsbyBurrough,P.A.（1986/7）OxfordSciencePublicationsMonographsonSoilsandResourcesSurveyno.12-raster（gridded）,point,andvectordatatypes-gridbaseddatamanipulation-datavisualisation（2d,3d）-scale;@#@resolution-realandintegerdatatypes-ancillarymodellingprogramsAfundamentalproblem!

@#@nHowdoweknowwhatiswhere?

@#@nHowcanweobtainlandscape-wide（ie.spatiallydistributed）dataabouttheecological（biophysical）resourcesofalandscape?

@#@nWecanonlyevertakemeasurementsfromarelativelysmallnumberoffieldsurveysites/plots;@#@climate,topography,vegetation,wildlife,substrateTheIntegratedLandscapeParadigm1940s,CSIROLandUseResearch1990s,CSIROWaterandLandReconnaissancesurveyforlanduseevaluation-Grazing-Agriculture-Forestry-Recreation-NatureconservationSurveyedlargeareastodeterminemajortypesofcountryandtoassessnaturalresourcesAnalysepatternsfromvisualinspectionofairphotos-Landunits/elementsthathaveauniformparentmaterial,topography,soilandvegetation-Landsystems,however,weremapped1occurrenceofalandunitFieldsurveyundertakentosamplelandunitsSo,surveydatawerespatiallyextendedthroughassumptionofcovarianceie.assumedallexamplesofalandunitsufficientlysimilartoinferpropertiesofanunsurveyedunitfromasampledsiteAproductoftheavailabletechnology-airphotointerpretation-cartographyBasicassumptionofcovariancestillusedinsurvey（soil,geology,vegetation!

@#@）-cartographicproductsoftenusedassourcedataforGIS!

@#@LocationofChimbuProvinceSedimentaryspursnorthoftheSenaRivereastofKarimur.Landscapecomponentsarescarp（C）,spurcrest（D）,spurslope（A）andfootslope（B）.AdjoiningthisunitaretheSenaRiverterraces（ART）LocationoftheQueanbeyan-ShoalhavenareaAraluen（Ar）LandSystem（15sq.miles）Hillsandrollingcountryondeeplydisaggregatedgranitewithmassiveearthsandtexture-contrastsoilsandtallwoodland,mostlycleared.Wroxham（Wr）LandSystem（70sq.miles）Rollingcountryongranitewithtexture-contrastsoils;@#@dryscleorphyllforest（E.rossii-E.mannifera）orsavannahwoodland（E.melliodora）,partlycleared.AdvantagesoftheISPnprovidesalandscape-wideperspectiveofbiophysicalresourcesandgenerallandusecapabilitynprovidesanintegrated,ecologicalperspectiveofthelandscape;@#@thelandunitisconceptuallyinteresting!

@#@nmadegooduseofavailabletechnologyAdvantagesofISP（contd）n.air-photointerpretationninformationwassynthesisedinareadilyusableformat（reallyanon-digitalGeographicInformationSystem/GIS）nprovidedameansofplacingfieldsurveydatainageographiccontext;@#@ieaddressedspatialextensionproblemnthebasicconceptofAPIasthemeansofspatialextensionisstillusedinsoil,geological,andvegetationsurveys!

@#@LimitationsofIntegratedSurvey:

@#@1.Subjective（notexplicit）,lackofrepeatability2.Poorpredictivecapability（assumptionofcovarianceofteninvalid）;@#@descriptive3.Primarysurveydatalost;@#@dataclassified4.Landunits/elementsnotmapped5.Singlegeneralpurposelandscapeclassification6.Notdynamic;@#@whataboutchange/flux?

@#@7.Noclimateinputs-mesoscale-toposcaleTheParametricParadigm1.Selectkeyenvironmentaldeterminantsthatdrivesystemresponse2.Generatespatiallydistributeddata-setsforeachparameter3.Applyquantitativedataanalysisrejectsnotionofasingleclassificationfor,ineffect,problem-specificclassificationsparameter-specificsurveyandspatialextensionrequiredTherefore,amodellingapproachisrequiredy=f（X1,X2,X3,Xn）yissystemresponseXsaredrivingvariablesdeterminantspredictorsTherefore,ifhavespatialestimatesofXs,canmakeaspatialpredictionofyanywhereinthelandTherefore,needGeographicInformationSystem（GIS）usecomputertospatiallyextendsurveydatausecomputertostoreandanalysedatarealisticalternativetoAPIandintegratedsurveyGIStoolstohandlelandscape-wide,spatialdatanDigitalElevationModelsandderivedgriddedestimatesofterrainattributesnInterpolatedClimateSurfacesnDigitizedthematicmaps,eg.geologynSatellite-based（andaeroplane-based）digitalsensors,eg.Landsat,TM,SPOT,hyperspectralscannersGIStoolscontdnstatistical/correlationanalysiscouplingfieldsurveydatatoGISdatabasetherebygeneratingspatialpredictionsofpotentialdistributions（andotherkindsofresponsefunctions）nGISmakesfielddataMOREuseful!

@#@（ie.itinnowayreplacestheneedforthesedata!

@#@）