TED英语演讲PPT格式课件下载.pptx

TED英语演讲PPT格式课件下载.pptx

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PhilosophicalBreakfastClubCharlesBabbageinventedfirstmechanicalcalculator.JohnHerschelmappedstarsinsouthhemisphere.RichardJonesanimportanteconomistWilliamWhewellcreatedthewordsanode,cathodeandionThesefourbrilliant,drivenmenmetatCambridgeUniversityin1812madeanewname“scientist”towhoprofessionalwithaparticularscientificmethod,goals,societyandfunding.IntheCambridgewinterof1812and1813,thefourmetforwhattheycalledphilosophicalbreakfasts.Theytalkedaboutscienceandtheneedforanewscientificrevolution.Itwastimetoarevolutionwhichtheypledgedtobringabout,andwhatssoamazingabouttheseguysis,notonlydidtheyhavethesegrandioseundergraduatedreams,buttheyactuallycarriedthemout,evenbeyondtheirwildestdreams.MAJORCHANGESTOSCIENCE1.anInductiveEvidence-BasedMethod2.ScienceforPublicGood3.NewScientificInstitutions4.ExternalFundingvocalbularyInductivescientificmethod归纳法Differenceengine差分机Iteration,conditionalbranching,parallelprocessing迭代、条件跳转、并行处理Antiquarian,literarymanandthenobility古文物学家、文学家和贵族Flipside另一方面，对立的人Q&@#@AQ1:

@#@Whytheycalledthemselvesphilosophicalbreakfastclub?

@#@A1:

@#@Becausethefourbrilliantmanalwaystalkedabouttheirdreamsandscientificworkswhenbreakfast.Q&@#@AQ2:

@#@Whopaidtheequipmentandsupplies?

@#@Wasthereprizesorfundsexistingforscientistsupto19century?

@#@A2:

@#@Naturalphilosophersthemselvespaidsuppliesandequipment.Thereexistedprizeoccasionally,butwereonlygivenaftertheworksolvedapracticalproblem.LatertheBritishAssociationbegantousetheextramoneygeneratedbytheclubtogivegrantsforresearchinastronomy,thetides,fossilfishandmanyotherareas.Thesegrantsnotonlyallowedlesswealthymentoconductresearch,buttheyalsoencouragedthinkingoutsidethebox,ratherthanjusttryingtosolveonepre-setquestion.Q&@#@AQ3:

@#@Whatstheflipsideoftheirrevolutionthattheclubdidnotforesee?

@#@A3:

@#@Todaythereisahugedisjunctionbetweenscienceandtherestofculture.Fromthefigure,thepercentofadultsthathaveevenaverybasiclevelofscienceliteracyissolow.Scientistsasaprofessionalgroupwereslowlywalledofffromtherestofus.HoweverjustasDarwinsaid,“Isometimesthinkthatgeneralandpopulartreatisesarealmostasimportantfortheprogressofscienceasoriginalwork.”