UNit 10张Word文档下载推荐.docx

UNit 10张Word文档下载推荐.docx

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UNit10张@#@UnitTenPlagiarism@#@1.Introduction@#@1.1thedefinitionofplagiarism@#@Plagiarismistheactofusinganotherperson’slanguageorideaswithoutacknowledgment.（ThewordplagiarismisderivedfromaLatinwordforkidnapper.）Adictionarydefinesitas“theuseorimitationofwordsandideasofanotherpersonandtherepresentationofthemasone’soriginalwork.”IntheplainestEnglishpossible,plagiarismistheft.Aseriousactofdishonesty,italwayscarriesaheavypenalty-failureofthepaper,failureinthecourse,orevenexpulsionfromschool.Itisregardedjustasseriouslyinprofessionallife;@#@everyfewweeks,itseems,newspapersreportthatapublicofficial,acorporateexecutive,orevenaprofessionalwriterhasbeenaccusedofpresentingasoriginalworksomethingwrittenbysomeoneelse.Evenwhentheoffenseoccurredtwentyormoreyearsbefore,theresultisoftendisgraceandpersonaltragedy.@#@1.2thedeliberateorunintentionalact@#@Thistypeofplagiarismisadeliberateact,anintentionalmisrepresentationmeanttodeceivethereader.Apaperliftedfromafraternityorsororityfileisablatantformofacademicdishonesty,asisthepurchaseofaready-madepaperfroma“researchservice”oranInternetsite.Suchattemptsoftenfailtodeceivethereaderasintended.Experiencedreadersusuallyrecognizesuchpapersbecauseofthemarkeddifferencebetweenstudentproseandprofessionalwriting.AstheInternettradeinresearchpapershasgrown,anumberofplagiarism-detectionserviceshavebeenintroduced,andmanyschoolsandindividualfacultymemberssubscribetothem.Evenwithoutthoseservices,ateachercanlocateatextpostedontheInternetinonlyseconds.@#@Notallplagiarismisdeliberate.Itisfatallyeasytoomitacitation,failtousequotationmarks,orthoughtlesslyechothelanguageofasource.Unintentionalorcarelessplagiarismisespeciallylikelytooccurattwostagesofthewritingprocess--duringnotetakingorduringdrafting.Especiallyifyouarepressedfortime,itisveryeasytoneglecttorecordasourceortoborrowlanguagewithoutusingquotationmarks.Asafinalstepintakingnotesfromasource,stoptoverifythatyouhaveusedquotationmarksappropriatelyandrecordedthesourceaccurately.Plagiarismthatoccursduringthewritingphaseisusuallytheresultofcarelessness.Whilewritingyourroughdraft,meticulouslycheckyourtextagainsteachsource.Becertainthatyouhavenotusedphrasingfromasourcewithoutputtingitintoquotationmarksandthatyouhavecitedthesourcesofallborrowedmaterial,whetheritisaquotation,aparaphrase,orasummary.Ifyouhavenotusedquotationmarks,youhavestillcommittedplagiarism,eventhoughyouhavenotdeliberatelytriedtodeceiveareader.Thepenaltyforunintentionalplagiarismcanbeassevereasforflagrantcribbingfromabook,journalarticle,orInternetsite.@#@2.DefiningCommonKnowledge@#@Studentsareunderstandablypuzzledbythestatementthattheyneednotciteasourceforfactsthatarecommonknowledgeorforopinionsthataregenerallyknownandaccepted.Asanovicedealingwithanewtopic,youmayfeeloverwhelmedbecauseeverythingseemsnewtoyou.Oftenyoucanuseyoursourcesasmodels.Whenyoursourcesprovidedocumentationforideas,youcertainlywillneedtoaswell.However,assomefactsappearwithoutcitationsoverandoverindiscussionsofyourtopic,youwillbegintorecognizethemassomeofthegenerallyacceptedfactsofthatfield.Ifyouexpresstheminyourownwords,youordinarilydonotneedtocitethem.Butafactoranopinionderivedfromasinglesourcerequirescitation.Forexample,thereisnoneedtodocumentthatJohnEKennedywaselectedpresidentin1960orthathewasassassinatedon22November1963--evenifyouwereunawareofthosefactsbeforeyoubeganyourresearch.However,anyanalysisofhowhecametobeelectedoranytheoryofhowtheassassinationtookplaceneedstobecreditedtotheoriginatorofthatidea.Ifyouareuncertainwhetheranitemrequiresdocumentation,thebestcourseofactionwouldbetotalkwithyourinstructor,orsimplytodocumenttheinformationasifitwerenotcommonknowledge.@#@3.AvoidingUnintentionalPlagiarism:

@#@paraphrase,summary,andquotation@#@Perhapsthemostfrequentcauseofunintentionalplagiarismisthecarelesshandlingofborrowedmaterial.Ifyouarequoting,thewordsyourecordmustmatchexactlythewordsinyoursource.Ifyouareputtingtheideasinyourownwords,thentheymustbeyourownwords,notthoseofthesource.Ifyoucombineyourownwordswiththoseofthesource,thoseofthesourcemustbeenclosedinquotationmarks.Youshouldfollowtheseruleswhenyouaretakingnotesandwhenyouareusingthosenotestowriteyourpaper.Doingsoshouldreduce--ifnoteliminateentirely--theproblemofaccidentalplag