高一高二无机化学方程式汇总修正A412P精Word格式.docx
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===2ClF
3F2(过量+Cl2===2ClF37F2(过量+I2===2IF7Cl2+H2===2HCl3Cl2+2P===2PCl3Cl2+PCl3===PCl5Cl2+2Na===2NaCl3Cl2+2Fe===2FeCl3Cl2+2FeCl2===2FeCl3Cl2+Cu===CuCl22Cl2+2NaBr===2NaCl+Br2Cl2+2NaI===2NaCl+I2
5Cl2+I2+6H2O===2HIO3+10HClCl2+Na2S===2NaCl+S
Cl2+H2S===2HCl+S
Cl2+SO2+2H2O===H2SO4+2HClCl2+H2O2===2HCl+O22O2+3Fe===Fe3O4O2+K===KO2S+H2===H2S2S+C===CS2S+Fe===FeSS+2Cu===Cu2S3S+2Al===Al2S3S+Zn===ZnSN2+3H2===2NH3N2+3Mg===Mg3N2N2+3Ca===Ca3N2N2+3Ba===Ba3N2N2+6Na===2Na3NN2+6K===2K3NN2+6Rb===2Rb3NP2+6H2===4PH3P+3Na===Na3P2P+3Zn===Zn3P2
2.还原性S+O2===SO2S+O2===SO2
S+6HNO3(浓===H2SO4+6NO2+2H2O3S+4HNO3(稀===3SO2+4NO+2H2ON2+O2===2NO
4P+5O2===P4O10(常写成P2O5
2P+3X2===2PX3(X表示F2,Cl2,Br2)PX3+X2===PX5
P4+20HNO3(浓===4H3PO4+20NO2+4H2OC+2F2===CF4C+2Cl2===CCl42C+O2(少量===2COC+O2(足量===CO2C+CO2===2CO
C+H2O===CO+H2(生成水煤气2C+SiO2===Si+2CO(制得粗硅Si(粗+2Cl===SiCl4SiCl4+2H2===Si(纯+4HCl
Si(粉+O2===SiO2Si+C===SiC(金刚砂
Si+2NaOH+H2O===Na2SiO3+2H23、[碱中]歧化
Cl2+H2O===HCl+HClO(加酸抑制歧化,加碱或光照促进歧化)Cl2+2NaOH===NaCl+NaClO+H2O2Cl2+2Ca(OH2===CaCl2+Ca(ClO2+2H2O3Cl2+6KOH
(热,浓)
===5KCl+KClO3+3H2O
3S+6NaOH===2Na2S+Na2SO3+3H2O4P+3KOH(浓)+3H2O===PH3+3KH2PO211P+15CuSO4+24H2O===5Cu3P+6H3PO4+15H2SO43C+CaO===CaC2+CO3C+SiO2===SiC+2CO
金属单质[Na,Mg,Al,Fe]的还原性
2Na+H2===2NaH4Na+O2===2Na2O2Na2O+O2===2Na2O22Na+O2===Na2O2
2Na+S===Na2S(爆炸)2Na+2H2O===2NaOH+H22Na+2NH3===2NaNH2+H24Na+TiCl4(熔融)===4NaCl+TiMg+Cl2===MgCl2Mg+Br2===MgBr22Mg+O2===2MgOMg+S===MgSMg+2H2O===Mg(OH2+H22Mg+TiCl4(熔融===Ti+2MgCl2Mg+2RbCl===MgCl2+2Rb2Mg+CO2===2MgO+C2Mg+SiO2===2MgO+SiMg+H2S===MgS+H2Mg+H2SO4===MgSO4+H22Al+3Cl2===2AlCl3
4Al+3O2===2Al2O3(钝化)
4Al(Hg+3O2+2xH2O=2(Al2O3.xH2O+4Hg4Al+3MnO2===2Al2O3+3Mn2Al+Cr2O3===Al2O3+2Cr2Al+Fe2O3===Al2O3+2Fe2Al+3FeO===Al2O3+3Fe2Al+6HCl===2AlCl3+3H22Al+3H2SO4===Al2(SO43+3H22Al+6H2SO4(浓===Al2(SO43+3SO2+6H2O(Al,Fe在冷,浓的H2SO4,HNO3中钝化Al+4HNO(稀===Al(NO33+NO+2H2O2Al+2NaOH+2H2O===2NaAlO2+3H22Fe+3Br2===2FeBr3Fe+I2===FeI2Fe+S===FeS
3Fe+4H2O(g===Fe3O4+4H2Fe+2HCl===FeCl2+H2Fe+CuCl2===FeCl2+Cu
Fe+SnCl4===FeCl2+SnCl2(铁在酸性环境
下,不能把四氯化锡完全还原为单质锡
Fe+SnCl2==FeCl2+Sn
非金属氢化物(HF,HCl,H2O,H2S,NH3
1、还原性:
4HCl(浓+MnO2===MnCl2+Cl2+2H2O4HCl(g+O2===2Cl2+2H2O16HCl+2KMnO4===
2KCl+2MnCl2+5Cl2+8H2O
14HCl+K2Cr2O7===
2KCl+2CrCl3+3Cl2+7H2O2H2O+2F2==4HF+O2
2H2S+3O2(足量===2SO2+2H2O2H2S+O2(少量===2S+2H2O2H2S+SO2===3S+2H2OH2S+H2SO4(浓===S+SO2+2H2O3H2S+2HNO(稀===3S+2NO+4H2O
3H2S+K2Cr2O7+4H2SO4===
Cr2(SO43+K2SO4+3S+7H2O
H2S+4Na2O2+2H2O===Na2SO4+6NaOH2NH3+3CuO===3Cu+N2+3H2O2NH3+3Cl2===N2+6HCl
8NH3+3Cl2===N2+6NH4Cl
4NH3+3O2(纯氧===2N2+6H2O4NH3+5O2===4NO+6H2O4NH3+6NO===5N2+6HO(用氨清除NONaH+H2O===NaOH+H24NaH+TiCl4===Ti+4NaCl+2H2CaH2+2H2O===Ca(OH2+2H2
5H2S+2KMnO4+3H2SO4==2MnSO4+K2SO4+5S+8H2O2、酸性:
4HF+SiO2===SiF4+2H2O
反应广泛应用于测定矿样或钢样中SiO2的含量
2HF+CaCl2===CaF2+2HClH2S+Fe===FeS+H2H2S+CuCl2===CuS+2HClH2S+2AgNO3===Ag2S+2HNO3H2S+HgCl2===HgS+2HClH2S+Pb(NO32===PbS+2HNO32NH3+2Na==2NaNH2+H2NaNH2+H2O===NaOH+NH3
3、碱性:
NH3+HCl===NH4ClNH3+HNO3===NH4NO3
2NH3+H2SO4===(NH42SO4
NH3+NaCl+H2O+CO2==NaHCO3+NH4Cl
4、不稳定性:
(此反应用于工业制备小苏打,苏打)2HF===H2+F22HCl===H2+Cl2
2H2O===2H2+O22H2O2===2H2O+O2
H2S===H2+S2NH3===N2+3H2
非金属氧化物
1、低价态的还原性:
2SO2+O2===2SO32NO+O2===2NO22CO+O2===2CO2
2SO2+O2+2H2O===2H2SO4
这是SO2在大气中缓慢发生的环境化学反应
SO2+Cl2+2H2O===H2SO4+2HClSO2+Br2+2H2O===H2SO4+2HBrSO2+I2+2H2O===H2SO4+2HISO2+NO2===SO3+NONO+NO2+2NaOH===2NaNO2
用于制硝酸工业中吸收尾气中的NO和NO2
CO+CuO===Cu+CO23CO+Fe2O3===2Fe+3CO2CO+H2O===CO2+H2
2、氧化性:
SO2+2H2S===3S+2H2OSO3+2KI===K2SO3+I2
NO2+2KI+H2O===NO+I2+2KOH
不能用淀粉KI溶液鉴别溴蒸气和NO2
4NO2+H2S===4NO+SO3+H2O2NO2+Cu===4CuO+N2CO2+2Mg===2MgO+C
CO2不能用于扑灭由Mg,Ca,Ba,Na,K等燃烧的火灾
SiO2+2H2===Si+2H2OSiO2+2Mg===2MgO+Si
3、与水的作用:
SO2+H2O===H2SO3SO3+H2O===H2SO43NO2+H2O===2HNO3+NON2O5+H2O===2HNO3P2O5+H2O===2HPO3P2O5+3H2O===2H3PO4
P2O5极易吸水,可作气体干燥剂
P2O5+3H2SO4(浓===2H3PO4+3SO3
CO2+H2O===H2CO3
4、与碱性物质的作用:
这是硫酸厂回收SO的反应.先用氨水吸收SO再用H24处理,生成的硫酸铵作化肥,SO2循环作原料气SO2+Ca(OH2===CaSO3+H2O
不能用澄清石灰水鉴别SO2和CO2.可用品红鉴别
SO3+MgO===MgSO4
SO3+Ca(OH2===CaSO4+H2O
CO2+2NaOH(过量===Na2CO3+H2O
CO2(过量+NaOH===NaHCO3
CO2+Ca(OH2(过量===CaCO3+H2O
2CO2(过量+Ca(OH2===Ca(HCO32
CO2+2NaAlO2+3H2O===2Al(OH3+Na2CO3
CO2+C6H5ONa+H2O===C6H5OH+NaHCO3
SiO2+CaO===CaSiO3
SiO2+2NaOH===Na2SiO3+H2O
常温下强碱缓慢腐蚀玻璃
SiO2+Na2CO3===Na2SiO3+CO2
SiO2+CaCO3===CaSiO3+CO2
金属氧化物
1、低价态的还原性:
6FeO+O2===2Fe3O4
FeO+4HNO3===Fe(NO33+NO2+2H2O
2、氧化性:
Na2O2+2Na===2Na2O
此反应用于制备Na2O。
MgO,Al2O3几乎没有氧化
性,很难被还原为Mg.Al.一般通过电解制Mg和Al.
Fe2O3+3H2===2Fe+